Joints
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Joint (articulation) | site where two or more bones meet andenable movement
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Structural classification | bases on how bony regions are separated
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Fibrous joints | fibrous tissue
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Cartilaginous joints | cartilage
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Synovial joints | joint cavity
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How are Joints Classified | By the type of tissue that binds them together and also by grouped according to the range of movement possible at the junctions betweenbones.
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Functional classification | degree of movement
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Synarthrosis | immovable jointsEx. Suture between the bones of the skull
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Amphiarthrosis | slightly movable jointsEx. Joints between the pubic bones of the pelvis & vertebrae
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Diarthrosis | freely movable joints
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Fibrous Joints | Bones united by fibrous tissue - 3 types:a. Syndesmosisb. Suturec. Gomphosis
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Syndesmosis | Bones bound by interosseous ligament- ampthriarthoric
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Suture | Between the flat bones of skull only- sutural ligaments- synarthrotic
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Gomphosis | Formed by union of cone-shaped bony process in a bony socket-synarthrotic
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Periodontal ligament | root to tooth fastened to the jawbone
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Cartilaginous joints | Hyaline of fibrocartilage unite bonesTwo Types:a. Synchondrosisb. Symphysis
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Synchondrosis | Hyaline cartilage untie bones-Temporary- cartilage band- epiphyseal plate-Permantet- between manubrium & 1st rib-Synarthrotic
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Symphysis | Articular surface covered by thin hyaline and fibrocartilage-Symphysis pubis (pelvis) & intervertebral disks (amphiarthrotic)
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Synovial Joints | Most jointsAllow free movement - diarthroticConsist of:- Articular cartilage- Joint cavity or capsule - Synovial membrane -secretes synovial fluid
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General Structure of synovial joint: | - Articular cartilage- Tubular joint capsule- Ligaments- Synovial membrane- Synovial fluid- Menisci- Burase
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Articular cartilage | Hyaline cartilage at ends of long bones
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Tubular joint capsule | - 2 layers of dense connective tissue- Holds together bones of synovial joint- Its fibers attach to periosteum
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Ligaments | - tough collagenous fibers - reinforce joint capsule - bind articular ends- May be inside fibrous layer of capsule or outside- Prevent excessive movement at the joint- Relatively inelastic
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Synovial membrane | - inner layer of joint capsule - loose connective tissue- Covers all surfaces within joint capsule except articular cartilage- Surrounds synovial cavity, closes sac
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Synovial fluid | - produced by synovial membrane- lubricates smooth cartilaginous surfaces within joint- Supplies articular cartilage with nutrients
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Menisci | - Between articular surfaces of some joints- Help cushion and distribute body weight (knee)
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Bursae | - Sac filled with synovial fluid- Patella of the knee & olecranon process of the elbow- Cushion - Aid in movement of tendons that glide over the bony portion of the joint
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Rheumatoid arthritis | - autoimmune disease- Affects joints & surrounding muscle, tendons, ligaments, & blood vessels- 10% total disability because of fibrous & bony ankylosis- Affects women 3 times more often then men
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The 4 Stages of Rhemuatoid Arthritis | Peak onset- 35 to 50 years old1. Synovitis – from congestion & edema2. Pannus – thickened layers & tissues invades joint capsule & bone3. Fibrous ankylosis – scar formation4. Calcification – bony ankylosis – total immobility
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Osteoarthritis | - wear & tear, obesity, inactivity- Common in hips & knees- Deterioration of joint cartilage
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Gouty arthritis or gout | high levels of uric acid
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Scleroderma | skin hardens and thickens
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Gliding joints | Bone surfaces slide over one another. (Joints in wrist & ankle)
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Hinge joints | allows movement in one direction changing the angle of the bones at the joint (elbow
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Pivot joint | allows rotation around length of bones.(Joints between the 1st & 2nd cervical vertebrae)
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Condyloid | allows movement in 2 directions.(joint b.t wrist & the bones of the forearm)
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Ball and Sockect | allows movement in many directions around a central point (hip & shoulder)
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Saddle joint | between the trapezuim and the metacarpal #1
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flexion | a decreas in the angle between 2 bonesex.- bending the fingers to close the hand
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Extension | Straightening motion that increase the angle between bonesex.- straightening the fingers to open the hand
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Hyperextension | excess extension of the parts at a joint, beyond the anatomical positionex.- bend the hand back
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Dorsiflexion | bending the foot at the ankle toward the shin ex.- bending the foot upward
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Plantar flexioin | bending the foot at the ankle toward the sole ex.- bending the foot downward
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Abduction | moving a part away from the midline
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Adduction | moving a part toward the midline
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Supination | turning the hand so the palm is upward
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Pronation | turning the hand so the palm is downward
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Eversion | turning the foot so the sole face laterally
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Inversion | turning the foot so the sole faces medially
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Protraction | moving a part fowardex.- thrusting the chin foward
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Retraction | moving a part backwardex.- pulling the chin backward
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Elevation | raising a partex.- shurring the shoulders
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Depression | lowering a partex.- drooping the shoulders
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Created by:
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