AP Euro - Constitutionalism
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| Constitutionalism | Government power is limited by law.
There is a delicate balance between the power of government and the rights and liberties of individuals.
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| Gentry | Wealthy landowners in the countryside who dominated politics in the House of Commons
Relied heavily on legal precedent to limit the power of king on economic and political matters
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| House of Commons | England's lower house in Parliament
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| Stuart Dynasty | They ruled England for most of the 17th century.
Although they exhibited absolutist tendencies, they were restrained by the growth of Parliament.
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| James I | Ruled 1603-1625
Elizabeth I left no heir to the throne when she died in 1603.
This male was next in line to assume the throne
He was Scottish king who ruled England
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| "Divine Right" of Kings | The doctrine that kings and queens have a God-given right to rule and that rebellion against them is a sin.
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| Charles I | Ruled 1625-1649
Son of James I
He claimed "divine right" theory of absolute authority for himself as king and sought to rule without Parliament
Also sought to control the Church of England
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| Petition of Right, 1628 | Parliament attempted to encourage the king to grant basic legal rights in return for granting tax increases.
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| "Short Parliament" | 1640 - Scottish military revolt when Charles tried to impose the England Prayer Book on the Scottish Presbyterian church
Charles needed new taxes to fight the war against Scotland,
Parliament reconvened
Charles disbanded Parliament after only a month
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| "Long Parliament" | 1640-48
Desperate for money after the Scottish invasion of northern England in 1640, Charles finally agreed to certain demands by Parliament.
The Puritans came to represent the majority of Parliament against the king's Anglican supporters
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| Archbishop Laud | A leader of the persecution of Puritans
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| English Civil War | Immediate cause:
Charles tried to arrest several Puritans in Parliament but a crowd of 4,000 came to Parliament's defense
In March 1642, Charles declared war against his opponents in Parliament
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| Cavaliers | People who supported the king
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| Roundheads | (Calvinists)People who opposed the king
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| Oliver Cromwell | A fiercely Puritan Independent and military leader of the Roundheads, eventually led his New Model to victory in 1649.
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| New Model Army | Formed in 1645 by the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War, and was disbanded in 1660 after the Restoration.
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| Pride's Purge | 1648: Elements of the New Model Army(without Cromwell's knowledge)removed all non-Puritans and Presbyterians from Parliament leaving it with only 1/5 of its members remaining.
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| "Rump" Parliament | Parliament without non-Puritans and Presbyterians, only having 1/5 of its members.
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| Levellers | Radical religious revolutionaries; sought social and political reforms-a more egalitarian society
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| Diggers | Denied Parliament's authority and rejected private ownership of land
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| Quakers | Believed in an "inner light", a divine spark that existed in each person
A. Rejected Church authority
B. Pacifists
C. Allowed women to play a role in preaching
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| Interregnum | 1649-1660: Rule without king
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| Protectorate | 1653-1659: Oliver Cromwell Lord Protector (in effect, a dictatorship)
Dissolved Rump Parliament
England divided into 12 districts
Denied religious freedom to Anglicans and Catholics
Allowed Jews to return to England in 1655
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| Restoration | Began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II after the Interregnum that followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
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| Charles II | While in exile, Charles agreed to abide by Parliament's decisions in the post-war settlement.
Parliament was stronger in relation to the king that ever before in England
Charles agreed to a significant degree of religious toleration
Merry Monarch
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| Clarendon Code | Instituted in 1661 by Monarchists and Anglicans
Sought to drive all Puritans out of both political and religious life
Test Act of 1673
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| Test Act, 1673 | Excluded those unwilling to receive the sacrament of the Church of England from voting, holding office, preaching, teaching, attending universities, or assembling for meetings
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| Habeas Corpus Act, 1679 | Whig Parliament sought to limit Charles' power
Enabled judges to demand that prisoners be in court during their trials
Required just cause for continued imprisonment
Provided speedy trials
Forbade double jeopardy
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| James II | Ruled 1685-1688
Inherited the throne at age 55 from his brother Charles II
He sought to return England to Catholicism
Appointed many Catholics to high positions in government and in colleges
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| "Glorious Revolution" | The final act in the struggle for political sovereignty in England
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| William and Mary | They were declared joint sovereigns by Parliament.
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| Bill of Rights | 1689
England became a constitutional monarchy
This became the hallmark for constitutionalism in Europe
Kings could not be Roman Catholic
Laws could be made only with the consent of Parliament
Parliament had right of free speech
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| John Locke, Second Treatise of Civil Government(1690) | A political philosopher
He stated that the people created a government to protect their "natural right" of life, liberty, and property.
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| Toleration Act, 1689 | Granted right to worship for Protestant non-conformists although they could not hold office
Did not extend religious liberties to Catholics, Jews or Unitarians
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| Act of Settlement, 1701 | If King William, or Anne died without children, the Crown would pass to the granddaughter of James I, the Hanoverian electress dowagers, or to her Protestant heirs.
Stuarts were no longer in the line of succession
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| Act of Union, 1707 | Formed Great Britain
Within a few decades, Scotland transformed into a modern society with dynamic economic and intellectual growth
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| Great Britain | United England and Scotland
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| Cabinet system | Structure of this:
Leading ministers, who were members of the House of Commons and had the support of the majority of its members, made common policy and conducted the business of the country
The Prime Minister
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| Prime Minister | A member of the majority, was the leader of the government
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| Robert Walpole | The first Prime Minister in British history
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| United Provinces of the Netherlands (Dutch Republic) | 1st half of the 17th century was the "golden age" of the Netherlands
The government was dominated by the bourgeoisie whose wealth and power limited the power of the state
The government consisted of an organized confederation of 7 provinces
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| Stadholder | Governor
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| Dutch Reformed Church | Calvinism split into this and Arminianism
This religion were the majority of people and the most powerful
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| Arminianism | Calvinism without the belief of predestination
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| Amsterdam | The banking and commercial center of Europe
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| Dutch East India Co. | Organized as cooperative ventures of private enterprise and the state
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| Gustavus Adolphus | Ruled 1611-1632
Reorganized the government
Swedish
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