Constitutionalism
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| constitutionalism | government power is limited by law
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| gentry | wealthy landowners in the countryside who dominated politics in the House of Commons
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| House of Commons | England's lower house in parliment
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| Stuart dynasty | ruled England for most of the 17th century
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| James I | Elizabeth I left no heir, James VI of Scotland was next in line to assume throne;thus England got a Scottish king
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| “divine right” of kings | claimed "no bishop;no king" in response to Calvinists who wanted to eliminate system of Bishops in the church of England
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| Charles I | son of James I, like james claimed divine right
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| Petition of Right, 1628 | Parliament attempted to encourage the king to grant basic legal rights in return
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| “Short Parliament” | A Scottish military revolt 1639-40 occurred when Charles attempted to impose the English prayer book on the Scottish Presbyterian church
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| “Long Parliament” | desperate for money after the Scottish invasion of Northern England in 1640, Charles finally agreed to certain demands by Parliment
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| Archbishop Laud | the leaders of the persecution of puritans were to be tied and executed
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| English Civil War | Cause: Charles tried to arrest several Puritans, in Parliament but a crowd of 4,000 came to Parliaments defence
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| Cavaliers | supported the king
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| Roundheads | opposed the king
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| Oliver Cromwell | a fiercely puritan independent and military leader of the roundheads
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| New Model Army | a division between Puritans and Presbyterians
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| Pride’s Purge | Elements of the new model army removed all non-puritans and Presbyterians from parliment
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| “Rump” Parliament | Due to Prides Purge, left only 1/5 members
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| Levellers | radical religious revolutionests
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| Diggers | denied parliament's authority and rejected private ownership of land
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| Quakers | believed in an "inner light", a divine spark that existed in each person
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| Interregnum | rule without king
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| Protectorate | Oliver Cromwell Lord Protector(In effect, a dictatorship)
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| Restoration | Under Charles II and JAmes II
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| Charles II | parliament restored him to the throne
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| Clarendon Code | Instituted in 1661, by monarchists and Anglicans, Sought to drive all puritans out of both political and religious life
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| Test Act, 1673 | excluded those unwilling to receive the sacrament of the church of England from voting, holding office, preaching, teaching, attending universities, or assembling for meetings
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| Habeas Corpus Act, 1679 | Whig Parliament sought to limit charles' power
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| James II | Inherited the throne at age 55 from his brother Charles II
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| “Glorious Revolution” | the final act in the struggle for political sovereignty in England
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| William and Mary | Declared joint sovereigns by Parliment
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| Bill of Rights | William and Mary accepted what became known as the "Bill of Rights",became the hallmark for constitutionalism in Europe
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| John Locke, Second Treatise of Civil Government (1690) | stated that the people create a government to protect their "natural rights" of life,liberty and property
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| Toleration Act, 1689 | Granted right to worship for protestant non-conformists(Ex,Puritans,Quakers)although they could not hold office
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| Act of Settlement, 1701 | If king William, or his sister-in-law, Anne, died without children, the crown would pass to the granddaughter of James I
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| Act of Union, 1707 | United England and Scotland into Great Britan
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| Great Britain | Formed because the Scots desperately desired access to England's trade empire and believed that it would fall behind if it did not enter into a union
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| Cabinet system | Developed in the 18th century, Leading ministers made common policy and conducted the business of the country
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| Prime Minister | a member of the majority, was the leader of the government
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| Robert Walpole | is viewed as the first prime minister in British history
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| United Provinces of the Netherlands (Dutch Republic) | 1st half of the 17th century was the "golden age" of the Netherlands, the government was dominated by the bourgeoisie whose wealth and power limited the power of the state
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| stadtholder | governor
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| Dutch Reformed church | were the majority and the most powerful
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| Arminianism | Calvinism without the belief in predestiation
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| Amsterdam | became the banking and the commercial center of Europe
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| Dutch East India Co. | organized as cooperative ventures of private enterprise and the state
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| Gustavus Adolphus | ruled 1611-1632, reorganized the gov't
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