RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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| upper respiratory system | nose, pharynx(nasopharynx,oropharynx,laryngopharynx)
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| fuction of NOSE | filtration, sense of smell, resonance, warming of inspired air, heat transfer to the air, pulsating of blood
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| nasal septum is made up of | cartilage divided the nose
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| anterior portion of the nasal cavity | vestibule
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| extends from external naris to the internal naris | nasal cavity
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| hair follicles in the anterior portion | vibrissae (first line of defense)
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| three porjections arise from lateral walls | Turbinates (conchae) superior, middle, inferior
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| located in the membrane lining above the superior nasal conchae | olfactory region
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| what is the lining of the the nose | capillaries and pseudostratified ciliated columnar celss with goblet cell
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| located behind the nasal and oral cavities | pharynx
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| what is the function of the pharynx | passageway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber
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| portion of the pharynx that lies above the soft palate, only part not directll involved with swallowing | nasopharynx
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| swollen of the pharyngeal tonsils | adenoid
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| lies posterior to the oral cavity | oropharynx (two pairs of tonsils-palatine and lingual)
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| extends from base of tongue to opening of esophagus | laryngopharyx
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| part of the lower respiratory system | larynx, tracheobronchial tree, lung parenchyma
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| function of the LARYNX | acts as a conducting channel, protection, cough reflex, speech function
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| only complete ring of cartilage | cricoid cartilage
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| adams apple | thyroid cartilage
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| attached to the vocal folds and pharyngeal muscle | arytenoid cartilage(plays a significant role in the COCAL MOVEMENT
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| located on top of each arytenoid cartilage | corniculate cartilage
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| rod shope, connects epiglottis to arytenoid cartilage | cuneiform cartilage
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| fuction of tracheobronchial tree | system of conducting tubes to allow for the passage of gases to and from the lung parenchyma
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| causes bronchospasm in the lung | lamina propia
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| lobar bronchi | second generation
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| segmental bronchi | third generation
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| subsegmental bronchi | 4th-9th (80% of the normal airway resistance)
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| bronchioles | 9th-11th
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| terminal bronchioles | 16th
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| fuction of terminal bronchioles | heat, humidify and conduct inspired air
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| goblet cell | production of mucus
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| how many mL of mucus/day | 100 mL, 95 %water, 2% glycoprotiens, 1% carbo, trace amt of DNA, lipid
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| hair-like projection and size | cilia, 2 cm/min
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| which part of the lung allow for molecular gas exchange bet. blood and alveolar air | lung parenchyma
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| lung parenchyma is supplied by what | pul. artery and venous system
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| what is the primary unit of respiration | primary lobule
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| acinus is consists of what | respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and the alveolar sacs
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| it contains flat alveolar epithelium, void of cilia,mucus and serous gland | respiratory bronchioles
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| airse from the respiratory bronchiole, terminate in clusters of alveoli, 35% of gas exchange | alveolar ducts
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| 65 % of gas exchange | alveolar sacs
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| cup -shaped out puching lined by epithelium | alveoli
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| alveolar walls have minute openings called | Pores of Kohn
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| type I alveolar cell | thin, flat simple squamous epithelium
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| type II alveolar cell | most numerous, cuboidal in shape and site of PRODUCTION of surfactant
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| detergent like phospholipid substance which prevents alveolar collapse during expiration | surfactant
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| type III cell | alveolar macrophageso or dust cell
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| broad inferior portion of the lung | base
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| narrow superior portion of the lung | apex
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| a vertical slit in each lung | hilus
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| concavity in the left lung in which the heart lues | cardiac notch
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| divides each lung into lobes | fissure
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| right lung have how many fissure | 3
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| left lung, how many fissure | 2
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| right lung have how many segments | 10 segments
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| left lung, how many segments | 8-10 segments
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| double walled serous membrane that encloses each lung | pleural membrane
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| inner layer that adheres firmly to the lungs | visceral layer
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| space between the two layers, contains a serous lubracating fluid to reduce friction | pleural cavity
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| what are the primary inspiratory muscles | diaphragm(innervation of left and right phrenic nerve), parasternal intercartilaginous muscle, external intercostal muscle
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| three types of fibers | autonomic afferent fibers, parasympathetic efferent fibers, sympathetic efferent fibers
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| receptors found in alveoli | stretch receptors
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| receptors located in bronchi and bronchioles | iritant
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| located in the larynx | cough
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| carotid sinus and aortic arch | pressor
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| receptors found in aortic and carotid BODIES | chemoreceptors
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| receptors found in alveolar wall-gives feeling of dyspnea | j receptor
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| fibers travel via the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerve | autonomic AFFERENT fibers
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| fibers to tracheobrochial tree contained in the vagus nerve (produced ACh, produces bronchial smooth muscle CONTRACTION, vasolidation and glandular secretion) | PARAsympathetic efferent fiber
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| fibers emerge from the thoracic spinal medulla, norepi and epi when stimulated, relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, inhibits glandular secretions and causes vasoconstriction | sympathetic efferent fibers
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| secretion of stimulation is EXCITATORY, constriction of bronchial smooth muscle and increased mucus | alpha
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| stimulatino is either inhibitory or excitatory, located in the heart and lungs | beta
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| rate and force of contraction is increased in the heart | beta I action
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| dilation of bronchial smooth muscle and decreased secretion of mucous | beta II action
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| alveolar-capillary membrane in thickness | 0.5 microns
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| factors affect diffusion in the lung | transit time, pressure difference across alveolar, distance across alveolar,cross sectional area
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| respiratory is controlled via three mechanism | respiratory center, chemical control, reflex control
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| located in the upper pons, pneumotaxic center, sends signals to the inspiratory area, acts to TURN OFF inspiration | pontine respiratory centers
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| located in lower pons, transmits signals to the inspiratory area to prevent the TURN OFF of the inspiratory signal, always overridden | apneustic center
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| the resp. centers receive feedback signals from changes in the chemical composition | chemical control
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| changes in these chemical stimulates chemical control in the lungs | PCO2, PO2, pH
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| located on the ventral surfaces of the medulla near the exit of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve | central chemoreceptors
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| peripheral chemoreceptors are | carotid bodies and aortic bodies
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| located bilaterally in the bifurcation of the common carotid, their afferent fibers join the glossopharyngeal nerve | carotid bodies
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| located along the aortic arch, their afferent fibers fun into the vagus nerve | aortic bodies
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| factors that affect diffusion | transit time, pressure difference, cross-sectional area
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| respiration is controlled via three mechanism | respiratory center, chemical control, reflex control
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| located in the reticular formation of the medulla below the pons | medullary respiratory cneter
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| pontine respiratory centers include | pneumotaxic center
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| located in the upper pons, acts to turn off inspiration | pneumotaxic center
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| strong signal sent | decreased inspiratory time, increased respiratory rate
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| weak signal sent to medulla | increased inspiratory time, decreased respiratory rate
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| apneustic center is located at | located in lower pons, prevent the turn-off , always overridden by pneumotaxic center
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| normal pH of CSF | 7.32
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| If there is a small change in the CSF pH caused by CO2, what is the response | 2-5 liters per minute per mmHg
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| a rise in arterial CO2 will result in | increase in the number of afferent impulses sent to inspiratory portion of the medulla
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| peripheral chemoreceptors response needs how much to response to change in CO2 | 10 mm Hg
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| chemoreceptors DOESN'T response to this change | PO2 change
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| peripheral chemoreceptors response if there is decrease in arterial PO2 to | below 60 mmHg, to stimulate ventilation
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| peripheral chemoreceptors will have response to pH if it falls by | 0.1 unit and evern then the response is weak
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| what are the reflex control of ventilation | gamma-Efferent system,hering-breuer reflex, deflation reflex, j receptors, baroreceptors
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| feedback system into the spinal cord that adjust the parttern of breathing according to the MECHANICAL state of the lung, controls the strength of muscular contraction | gamma EFFERENT system
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| these aer stretch receptors located in the bronchi and bronchioles, control depth of inspiration, influence OFF swithching of inspiration | hering-breuer reflex
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| a reflex responding to injury, not involved in normal breathing | deflaction reflex
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| located in hte lung parenchyma, stimulated by pulmonary capillary distension, results in rapid shallow breathing pattern | J receptors
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| located aortic and carotid sinuses, respond to changes in blood pressure, increase systolic bp will cause HYPOventilation | Baroreceptors
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| exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood | external respirationi
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| factors that affect external respiration | distribution of pul. perfusion and ventilation
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ayson27
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