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CVT
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| upper respiratory system | nose, pharynx(nasopharynx,oropharynx,laryngopharynx) |
| fuction of NOSE | filtration, sense of smell, resonance, warming of inspired air, heat transfer to the air, pulsating of blood |
| nasal septum is made up of | cartilage divided the nose |
| anterior portion of the nasal cavity | vestibule |
| extends from external naris to the internal naris | nasal cavity |
| hair follicles in the anterior portion | vibrissae (first line of defense) |
| three porjections arise from lateral walls | Turbinates (conchae) superior, middle, inferior |
| located in the membrane lining above the superior nasal conchae | olfactory region |
| what is the lining of the the nose | capillaries and pseudostratified ciliated columnar celss with goblet cell |
| located behind the nasal and oral cavities | pharynx |
| what is the function of the pharynx | passageway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber |
| portion of the pharynx that lies above the soft palate, only part not directll involved with swallowing | nasopharynx |
| swollen of the pharyngeal tonsils | adenoid |
| lies posterior to the oral cavity | oropharynx (two pairs of tonsils-palatine and lingual) |
| extends from base of tongue to opening of esophagus | laryngopharyx |
| part of the lower respiratory system | larynx, tracheobronchial tree, lung parenchyma |
| function of the LARYNX | acts as a conducting channel, protection, cough reflex, speech function |
| only complete ring of cartilage | cricoid cartilage |
| adams apple | thyroid cartilage |
| attached to the vocal folds and pharyngeal muscle | arytenoid cartilage(plays a significant role in the COCAL MOVEMENT |
| located on top of each arytenoid cartilage | corniculate cartilage |
| rod shope, connects epiglottis to arytenoid cartilage | cuneiform cartilage |
| fuction of tracheobronchial tree | system of conducting tubes to allow for the passage of gases to and from the lung parenchyma |
| causes bronchospasm in the lung | lamina propia |
| lobar bronchi | second generation |
| segmental bronchi | third generation |
| subsegmental bronchi | 4th-9th (80% of the normal airway resistance) |
| bronchioles | 9th-11th |
| terminal bronchioles | 16th |
| fuction of terminal bronchioles | heat, humidify and conduct inspired air |
| goblet cell | production of mucus |
| how many mL of mucus/day | 100 mL, 95 %water, 2% glycoprotiens, 1% carbo, trace amt of DNA, lipid |
| hair-like projection and size | cilia, 2 cm/min |
| which part of the lung allow for molecular gas exchange bet. blood and alveolar air | lung parenchyma |
| lung parenchyma is supplied by what | pul. artery and venous system |
| what is the primary unit of respiration | primary lobule |
| acinus is consists of what | respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and the alveolar sacs |
| it contains flat alveolar epithelium, void of cilia,mucus and serous gland | respiratory bronchioles |
| airse from the respiratory bronchiole, terminate in clusters of alveoli, 35% of gas exchange | alveolar ducts |
| 65 % of gas exchange | alveolar sacs |
| cup -shaped out puching lined by epithelium | alveoli |
| alveolar walls have minute openings called | Pores of Kohn |
| type I alveolar cell | thin, flat simple squamous epithelium |
| type II alveolar cell | most numerous, cuboidal in shape and site of PRODUCTION of surfactant |
| detergent like phospholipid substance which prevents alveolar collapse during expiration | surfactant |
| type III cell | alveolar macrophageso or dust cell |
| broad inferior portion of the lung | base |
| narrow superior portion of the lung | apex |
| a vertical slit in each lung | hilus |
| concavity in the left lung in which the heart lues | cardiac notch |
| divides each lung into lobes | fissure |
| right lung have how many fissure | 3 |
| left lung, how many fissure | 2 |
| right lung have how many segments | 10 segments |
| left lung, how many segments | 8-10 segments |
| double walled serous membrane that encloses each lung | pleural membrane |
| inner layer that adheres firmly to the lungs | visceral layer |
| space between the two layers, contains a serous lubracating fluid to reduce friction | pleural cavity |
| what are the primary inspiratory muscles | diaphragm(innervation of left and right phrenic nerve), parasternal intercartilaginous muscle, external intercostal muscle |
| three types of fibers | autonomic afferent fibers, parasympathetic efferent fibers, sympathetic efferent fibers |
| receptors found in alveoli | stretch receptors |
| receptors located in bronchi and bronchioles | iritant |
| located in the larynx | cough |
| carotid sinus and aortic arch | pressor |
| receptors found in aortic and carotid BODIES | chemoreceptors |
| receptors found in alveolar wall-gives feeling of dyspnea | j receptor |
| fibers travel via the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerve | autonomic AFFERENT fibers |
| fibers to tracheobrochial tree contained in the vagus nerve (produced ACh, produces bronchial smooth muscle CONTRACTION, vasolidation and glandular secretion) | PARAsympathetic efferent fiber |
| fibers emerge from the thoracic spinal medulla, norepi and epi when stimulated, relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, inhibits glandular secretions and causes vasoconstriction | sympathetic efferent fibers |
| secretion of stimulation is EXCITATORY, constriction of bronchial smooth muscle and increased mucus | alpha |
| stimulatino is either inhibitory or excitatory, located in the heart and lungs | beta |
| rate and force of contraction is increased in the heart | beta I action |
| dilation of bronchial smooth muscle and decreased secretion of mucous | beta II action |
| alveolar-capillary membrane in thickness | 0.5 microns |
| factors affect diffusion in the lung | transit time, pressure difference across alveolar, distance across alveolar,cross sectional area |
| respiratory is controlled via three mechanism | respiratory center, chemical control, reflex control |
| located in the upper pons, pneumotaxic center, sends signals to the inspiratory area, acts to TURN OFF inspiration | pontine respiratory centers |
| located in lower pons, transmits signals to the inspiratory area to prevent the TURN OFF of the inspiratory signal, always overridden | apneustic center |
| the resp. centers receive feedback signals from changes in the chemical composition | chemical control |
| changes in these chemical stimulates chemical control in the lungs | PCO2, PO2, pH |
| located on the ventral surfaces of the medulla near the exit of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve | central chemoreceptors |
| peripheral chemoreceptors are | carotid bodies and aortic bodies |
| located bilaterally in the bifurcation of the common carotid, their afferent fibers join the glossopharyngeal nerve | carotid bodies |
| located along the aortic arch, their afferent fibers fun into the vagus nerve | aortic bodies |
| factors that affect diffusion | transit time, pressure difference, cross-sectional area |
| respiration is controlled via three mechanism | respiratory center, chemical control, reflex control |
| located in the reticular formation of the medulla below the pons | medullary respiratory cneter |
| pontine respiratory centers include | pneumotaxic center |
| located in the upper pons, acts to turn off inspiration | pneumotaxic center |
| strong signal sent | decreased inspiratory time, increased respiratory rate |
| weak signal sent to medulla | increased inspiratory time, decreased respiratory rate |
| apneustic center is located at | located in lower pons, prevent the turn-off , always overridden by pneumotaxic center |
| normal pH of CSF | 7.32 |
| If there is a small change in the CSF pH caused by CO2, what is the response | 2-5 liters per minute per mmHg |
| a rise in arterial CO2 will result in | increase in the number of afferent impulses sent to inspiratory portion of the medulla |
| peripheral chemoreceptors response needs how much to response to change in CO2 | 10 mm Hg |
| chemoreceptors DOESN'T response to this change | PO2 change |
| peripheral chemoreceptors response if there is decrease in arterial PO2 to | below 60 mmHg, to stimulate ventilation |
| peripheral chemoreceptors will have response to pH if it falls by | 0.1 unit and evern then the response is weak |
| what are the reflex control of ventilation | gamma-Efferent system,hering-breuer reflex, deflation reflex, j receptors, baroreceptors |
| feedback system into the spinal cord that adjust the parttern of breathing according to the MECHANICAL state of the lung, controls the strength of muscular contraction | gamma EFFERENT system |
| these aer stretch receptors located in the bronchi and bronchioles, control depth of inspiration, influence OFF swithching of inspiration | hering-breuer reflex |
| a reflex responding to injury, not involved in normal breathing | deflaction reflex |
| located in hte lung parenchyma, stimulated by pulmonary capillary distension, results in rapid shallow breathing pattern | J receptors |
| located aortic and carotid sinuses, respond to changes in blood pressure, increase systolic bp will cause HYPOventilation | Baroreceptors |
| exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood | external respirationi |
| factors that affect external respiration | distribution of pul. perfusion and ventilation |
Created by:
ayson27
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