bone
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| 6 bone shapes | 1. long bones 2. flat bones 3. sutural bones 4. irregular bones 5. short bones 6. sesamoid bones
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| long bones | long and thin
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| where can long bones be found? | arms (humorous ulna and radius), legs 9femur tibia and fibula), hands, feet, fingers, and toes
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| flat bones | thin with parallel surfaces (sandwich with spongy bone in the middle)
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| where can flat bones be found? | skull, sternum, ribs, and scapula
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| sutural bones | small and irregular
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| where can sutural bones be found? | between the flat bones of the skull
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| irregular bones | complex shapes
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| where can irregular bones be found? | spinal vertebrae and pelvic bones
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| short bones | small and thick
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| where can short bones be found? | ankle and wrist bones
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| sesamoid bones | small and flat
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| where can sesamoid bones be found? | inside tendons near joint of knees, hands, and feet
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| elevations and projections | process and ramus
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| process | projection or bump
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| ramus | extension of a bone making an angle with the rest of the structure
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| processes formed where tendons/ligaments attach | trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine
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| trochanter | large rough projection
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| tuberosity | smaller rough projection
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| tubercle | small rounded projection
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| crest | prominent ridge
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| line | low ridge
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| spine | pointed or narrow process
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| process formed for articulation with adjacent bones | head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet
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| head | end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by a neck
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| neck | narrow connection between the epiphysis and diaphysis
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| condyle | rounded articular process
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| trochlea | smooth grooved articular process shaped like a pulley
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| facet | small flat articular surface
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| depressions | fossa and sulcus
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| fossa | shallow depression
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| sulcus | narrow groove
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| openings | foramen, canal, meatus, sinus, fissure
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| foramen | passageway for blood vessels or nerves
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| canal | channel/duct
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| meatus | passageway through a bone
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| sinus | chamber within a bone; usually filled with air
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| fissure | elongated cleft or slit
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| anatomy of a long bone: diaphysis | shaft
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| anatomy of a long bone: epiphysis | wide part of the end (tip); articulates with other bones
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| anatomy of a long bone: metaphysis | between shaft (diaphysis) and tips (epiphysis) meet
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| an example of a long bone | femur
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| diaphysis | compact bone; has a central space called the marrow cavity
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| epiphysis | mostly spongy bone; covered with layer of compact bone (cortex)
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| flat bones | sandwich of spongy bone; spongy bone between 2 layers of compact bone
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| an example of a flat bone | parietal bone of skull
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| what type of tissue is bone? | supportive connective
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| bone | solid matrix of calcium salt deposits and collagen fibers
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| bone matrix | canal organized around blood vessels
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| canaliculi | pathway for blood vessels
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| periosteum | outer surface; what you can see
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| matrix minerals | 2/3 calcium phosphate; reacts with calcium hydroxide to form hydroxyapatite
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| hydroxyapatite | withstand compression
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| matrix proteins | 1/3 protein fibers (collagen); allows bone twisting and causes flexibility
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| bone cells | 2% of mass; osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells, osteoclasts
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| osteocytes | mature bone cells; between layers (lamellae) of matrix in lacunae (central canal)
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| osteocyte function | maintain protein and mineral content of matrix
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| osteoblasts | immature cells that become osteocytes
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| osteoprogenitor cells | mesenchymal stem cells that produce osteoblasts
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| what type of matrix do osteoblasts secrete? | osteogenesis
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| where are osteoprogenitor cells located? | inner layer of periosteum (endosteum)
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| what do osteoprogenitor cells assist in? | fracture repair
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| what do osetoclasts do? | break down bone
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| what are osetoclasts? | giant cells that dissolve bone minerals (osteolysis)
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| what do osetoclasts cause? | resorption
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| bone homeostatis | bone building (osteoblasts) and bone recycling (osteoclasts) balancing
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| what happens if bone breaks down more than it can be built? | become weak
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| what does exercise cause bone to do? | build bone
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| another name for osteon | haversian system
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| what is the osteon? | basic building block of bone
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| how are osteons arranged? | around the central canal (concentric lamellae)
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| another name for central canal | haversian canal
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| what is within the central canal? | blood vessels
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| another name for perforating canals? | Volkmann canals
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| perforating canals run which way? | perpendicular to the central canal
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| what do perforating canals do? | carry blood vessels deep into bone and marrow
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| circumferential lamellae | lamellae wrapped around the long bone
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| what does the circumferential lamellae hold together? | the osteons
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| spongy bone has no what? | osteons
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| name of the matrix of spongy bone | trabeculae
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| trabeculae has no what? | blood vessels
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| how do nutrients reach osteocytes? | diffusion
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| where is red marrow found? | space between the trabeculae
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| what does yellow marrow do? | it is adipose; stores fat
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| weight bearing bones: femur transfers weight from the hip joint to the knee joint. which side is the tension on? | lateral side
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| eight bearing bones: femur transfers weight from the hip joint to the knee joint. which side is the compression on? | medial side
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| where is the periosteum? | outside
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| where is the endosteum? | inside
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| what does the periostem do? | covers all bones
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| what is the periosteum made of? | outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer
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| another name for perforating fibers | sharpey fibers
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| functions of the periosteum | 1. isolates bone 2. circulatory and nerve supply of bone 3. growth and repair
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| endosteum | incomplete (partial exposed) layer that lines the marrow cavity; cover trabeculae in spongy bone and lines central canal
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| what is contained in the endosteum? | osteoblast, osteoclasts, and osteoprogenitor cells
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| what does the endostuem help with? | bone growth and repair
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| what age does the human bone stop growing? | 25
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| osteogenesis | bone formation
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| ossification | replacing other tissues with bone
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| calcification | process of depositing calcium salts
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| when does calcification occur? | during ossification of other tissues
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| what are the two forms of ossification? | intramembranous and endochondral
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| endochondral ossification replaces what as bone? | hyaline cartilage
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| how many steps is the endochondral ossification? | 6
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| endochondral ossification step 1 of 6 | enlarging condrocytes in center of cartilage (calcifying matrix)
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| endochondral ossification step 2 of 6 | blood vessels grow around edges; perichondrium changes to osteoblasts (immature bone cells)-produces layer of superficial bone
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| endochondral ossification step 3 of 6 | blood vessels enter cartilage brining fibroblasts that become osteoblasts; spongy bone develops an becomes primary ossification center
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| endochondral ossification step 4 of 6 | remodeling creates a marrow cavity; bone replaces cartilage at metaphysis
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| endochondral ossification step 5 of 6 | capillaries and osteoblasts enter epiphyses; this creates secondary ossification center
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| endochondral ossification step 6 of 6 | epiphysis fills with spongy bone
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| step 6; in joint cavity | articulation cartilage
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| step 6; at metaphysis | epiphyseal cartilage
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| epiphyseal lines | after puberty; show on xrays as line, epiphyseal cartilage disappears
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| appositional growth of endochondral ossification | compact bone thickens and strengthens long bone with layers of circumferential lamellae around the bone
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| another name for intramembranous ossification | dermal ossification because it occurs in dermal bones such as mandible, flat bones of skull, and clavicle
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| how many steps are involved in intramembranous ossification? | 3
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| intramembranous ossification step 1 of 3 | mesenchymal (stem cells) cells come together and differentiate into osteoblasts; begins at ossification center; develops projections called spicules
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| intramembranous ossification step 2 of 3 | blood vessels grow into the area; spicules connect trapping in blood vessels
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| intramembranous ossification step 3 of 3 | spongy bone develops and remodels into osteons of compact bone, periosteum, and marrow cavities (hardening)
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| FOP-fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva | abnormal tissue that attacks other tissues and turns them to bone; very aggressive and debilitating
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| 3 major sets of blood vessels | nutrient artery and supply, metaphyseal vessels, and periosteal vessels
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| nutrient arteries | supplies diaphysis
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| metaphyseal vessels | supplies epiphyseal cartilage
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| periosteal vessels | blood to superficial osteons of shaft
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| periosteum also contains lymph and nerves. what does each do? | lymph-immunity; sensory nerves
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| bone remodeling | recycling and renewing bone
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| what does remodeling involve? | osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
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| what happens to heavily stressed bones? | become thicker and stronger
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| bone degeneration | very quick
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| how much mass can be lost in a few weeks of inactivity? | 1/3
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| effects of hormones and nutrition on bone | normal bone growth and maintenance rely on nutrition and hormones
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| source of what two minerals are necessary for bone? | calcium and phosphate salts
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| where is calcitrol made? | kidney
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| what does calcitrol absorb? | calcium and phosphorus in digestive track
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| what is calcitrol made from? | vitamin D3
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| what is vitamin D3 called before it becomes calcitrol? | chloecalciferol
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| what vitamin is required for collagen synthesis and stimulates osteoblast differentiation? | vitamin C
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| vitamin c deficiency causing loss of bone mass and strength | scurvy
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| this vitamin stimulates osteoblast activity | vitamin A
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| these vitamins synthesize bone proteins | vitamins K and B12
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| growth hormone and thrroxine stimulate what? | bone growth
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| estrogens and androgens stimulate what? | osteoblasts
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| calcitonin and parathyroid hormone regulate what? | calcium and phosphate levels
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| what causes gigantism? | tumor on pituitary gland
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| what causes acromegally? | epiphyseal cartilage closes and increased bone mass
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| marfan syndrome | connective tissue disorder; tall/thin; plyable
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| what causes dwarfism? | lack of growth hormone
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| what is the most abundant mineral in the body? | calcium
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| what is calcium vital to? | membranes, neurons, and muscle cells (especially cardiac cells)
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| what must happen to calcium ions in body fluids? | must be closely monitored
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| how is homeostatis maintained? | calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
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| where calcium is stored? | bones
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| where calcium is absorbed? | digestive track
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| where calcium is excreted? | kidneys
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| what does parathyroid hormone(PTH) do? | increase blood calcium levels; increase absorption of calcium and decrease calcium excretion
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| what does calcitonin do? | decrease blood calcium levels; inhibits osteoclast activity (bone degrading), and increase calcium excretion at kidneys
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| where is the parathyroid? | in parathyroid the neck
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| what secretes calcitonin? | c cells (parafollier cells) in thyroid
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| what is a fracture? | crack or break in bone
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| what are the 4 steps of bone fracture repair? | 4 steps
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| step 1 of 4 of bone fracture repair: | bleeding makes clot; bone cells in area die
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| step 2 of 4 of bone fracture repair: | calluses stabilize break-external callus surrounds break and internal callus develops in marrow
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| step 3 of 4 of bone fracture repair: | osteoblasts replace central cartilage of external callus with spongy bone
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| step 4 of 4 of bone fracture repair: | osteoblasts and clasts remodel the fracture for up to a year; reducing calluses
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| what are the two types of fractures? | closed (simple) and open (compound)
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| closed (simple) fracture | internal and does not break skin; simple to treat
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| open (compound) | fracture that project through the skin; infection and uncontrolled bleeding occurs
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| transverse fracture | break at a right angle along long axis of bone
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| comminuted fracture | shattering
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| what occurs with age? | bone becomes thinner and more weak
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| osteopenia | decrease bone mass; starts at 30 or 40 and percentage degrades per 10 years
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| osteoporosis | severe bone loss that makes holes in bone; affects normal function over age 45
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| estrogens and androgens maintain what? | bone mass
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| bone loss in women accelerates what? | menopause
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| cancerous tissue release what? | osteoclasts that degrade bone
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| cancerous produce what? | severe osteoporosis -bone degrading
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