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AP1-Chapter 6
bone
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 6 bone shapes | 1. long bones 2. flat bones 3. sutural bones 4. irregular bones 5. short bones 6. sesamoid bones |
| long bones | long and thin |
| where can long bones be found? | arms (humorous ulna and radius), legs 9femur tibia and fibula), hands, feet, fingers, and toes |
| flat bones | thin with parallel surfaces (sandwich with spongy bone in the middle) |
| where can flat bones be found? | skull, sternum, ribs, and scapula |
| sutural bones | small and irregular |
| where can sutural bones be found? | between the flat bones of the skull |
| irregular bones | complex shapes |
| where can irregular bones be found? | spinal vertebrae and pelvic bones |
| short bones | small and thick |
| where can short bones be found? | ankle and wrist bones |
| sesamoid bones | small and flat |
| where can sesamoid bones be found? | inside tendons near joint of knees, hands, and feet |
| elevations and projections | process and ramus |
| process | projection or bump |
| ramus | extension of a bone making an angle with the rest of the structure |
| processes formed where tendons/ligaments attach | trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine |
| trochanter | large rough projection |
| tuberosity | smaller rough projection |
| tubercle | small rounded projection |
| crest | prominent ridge |
| line | low ridge |
| spine | pointed or narrow process |
| process formed for articulation with adjacent bones | head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet |
| head | end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by a neck |
| neck | narrow connection between the epiphysis and diaphysis |
| condyle | rounded articular process |
| trochlea | smooth grooved articular process shaped like a pulley |
| facet | small flat articular surface |
| depressions | fossa and sulcus |
| fossa | shallow depression |
| sulcus | narrow groove |
| openings | foramen, canal, meatus, sinus, fissure |
| foramen | passageway for blood vessels or nerves |
| canal | channel/duct |
| meatus | passageway through a bone |
| sinus | chamber within a bone; usually filled with air |
| fissure | elongated cleft or slit |
| anatomy of a long bone: diaphysis | shaft |
| anatomy of a long bone: epiphysis | wide part of the end (tip); articulates with other bones |
| anatomy of a long bone: metaphysis | between shaft (diaphysis) and tips (epiphysis) meet |
| an example of a long bone | femur |
| diaphysis | compact bone; has a central space called the marrow cavity |
| epiphysis | mostly spongy bone; covered with layer of compact bone (cortex) |
| flat bones | sandwich of spongy bone; spongy bone between 2 layers of compact bone |
| an example of a flat bone | parietal bone of skull |
| what type of tissue is bone? | supportive connective |
| bone | solid matrix of calcium salt deposits and collagen fibers |
| bone matrix | canal organized around blood vessels |
| canaliculi | pathway for blood vessels |
| periosteum | outer surface; what you can see |
| matrix minerals | 2/3 calcium phosphate; reacts with calcium hydroxide to form hydroxyapatite |
| hydroxyapatite | withstand compression |
| matrix proteins | 1/3 protein fibers (collagen); allows bone twisting and causes flexibility |
| bone cells | 2% of mass; osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells, osteoclasts |
| osteocytes | mature bone cells; between layers (lamellae) of matrix in lacunae (central canal) |
| osteocyte function | maintain protein and mineral content of matrix |
| osteoblasts | immature cells that become osteocytes |
| osteoprogenitor cells | mesenchymal stem cells that produce osteoblasts |
| what type of matrix do osteoblasts secrete? | osteogenesis |
| where are osteoprogenitor cells located? | inner layer of periosteum (endosteum) |
| what do osteoprogenitor cells assist in? | fracture repair |
| what do osetoclasts do? | break down bone |
| what are osetoclasts? | giant cells that dissolve bone minerals (osteolysis) |
| what do osetoclasts cause? | resorption |
| bone homeostatis | bone building (osteoblasts) and bone recycling (osteoclasts) balancing |
| what happens if bone breaks down more than it can be built? | become weak |
| what does exercise cause bone to do? | build bone |
| another name for osteon | haversian system |
| what is the osteon? | basic building block of bone |
| how are osteons arranged? | around the central canal (concentric lamellae) |
| another name for central canal | haversian canal |
| what is within the central canal? | blood vessels |
| another name for perforating canals? | Volkmann canals |
| perforating canals run which way? | perpendicular to the central canal |
| what do perforating canals do? | carry blood vessels deep into bone and marrow |
| circumferential lamellae | lamellae wrapped around the long bone |
| what does the circumferential lamellae hold together? | the osteons |
| spongy bone has no what? | osteons |
| name of the matrix of spongy bone | trabeculae |
| trabeculae has no what? | blood vessels |
| how do nutrients reach osteocytes? | diffusion |
| where is red marrow found? | space between the trabeculae |
| what does yellow marrow do? | it is adipose; stores fat |
| weight bearing bones: femur transfers weight from the hip joint to the knee joint. which side is the tension on? | lateral side |
| eight bearing bones: femur transfers weight from the hip joint to the knee joint. which side is the compression on? | medial side |
| where is the periosteum? | outside |
| where is the endosteum? | inside |
| what does the periostem do? | covers all bones |
| what is the periosteum made of? | outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer |
| another name for perforating fibers | sharpey fibers |
| functions of the periosteum | 1. isolates bone 2. circulatory and nerve supply of bone 3. growth and repair |
| endosteum | incomplete (partial exposed) layer that lines the marrow cavity; cover trabeculae in spongy bone and lines central canal |
| what is contained in the endosteum? | osteoblast, osteoclasts, and osteoprogenitor cells |
| what does the endostuem help with? | bone growth and repair |
| what age does the human bone stop growing? | 25 |
| osteogenesis | bone formation |
| ossification | replacing other tissues with bone |
| calcification | process of depositing calcium salts |
| when does calcification occur? | during ossification of other tissues |
| what are the two forms of ossification? | intramembranous and endochondral |
| endochondral ossification replaces what as bone? | hyaline cartilage |
| how many steps is the endochondral ossification? | 6 |
| endochondral ossification step 1 of 6 | enlarging condrocytes in center of cartilage (calcifying matrix) |
| endochondral ossification step 2 of 6 | blood vessels grow around edges; perichondrium changes to osteoblasts (immature bone cells)-produces layer of superficial bone |
| endochondral ossification step 3 of 6 | blood vessels enter cartilage brining fibroblasts that become osteoblasts; spongy bone develops an becomes primary ossification center |
| endochondral ossification step 4 of 6 | remodeling creates a marrow cavity; bone replaces cartilage at metaphysis |
| endochondral ossification step 5 of 6 | capillaries and osteoblasts enter epiphyses; this creates secondary ossification center |
| endochondral ossification step 6 of 6 | epiphysis fills with spongy bone |
| step 6; in joint cavity | articulation cartilage |
| step 6; at metaphysis | epiphyseal cartilage |
| epiphyseal lines | after puberty; show on xrays as line, epiphyseal cartilage disappears |
| appositional growth of endochondral ossification | compact bone thickens and strengthens long bone with layers of circumferential lamellae around the bone |
| another name for intramembranous ossification | dermal ossification because it occurs in dermal bones such as mandible, flat bones of skull, and clavicle |
| how many steps are involved in intramembranous ossification? | 3 |
| intramembranous ossification step 1 of 3 | mesenchymal (stem cells) cells come together and differentiate into osteoblasts; begins at ossification center; develops projections called spicules |
| intramembranous ossification step 2 of 3 | blood vessels grow into the area; spicules connect trapping in blood vessels |
| intramembranous ossification step 3 of 3 | spongy bone develops and remodels into osteons of compact bone, periosteum, and marrow cavities (hardening) |
| FOP-fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva | abnormal tissue that attacks other tissues and turns them to bone; very aggressive and debilitating |
| 3 major sets of blood vessels | nutrient artery and supply, metaphyseal vessels, and periosteal vessels |
| nutrient arteries | supplies diaphysis |
| metaphyseal vessels | supplies epiphyseal cartilage |
| periosteal vessels | blood to superficial osteons of shaft |
| periosteum also contains lymph and nerves. what does each do? | lymph-immunity; sensory nerves |
| bone remodeling | recycling and renewing bone |
| what does remodeling involve? | osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts |
| what happens to heavily stressed bones? | become thicker and stronger |
| bone degeneration | very quick |
| how much mass can be lost in a few weeks of inactivity? | 1/3 |
| effects of hormones and nutrition on bone | normal bone growth and maintenance rely on nutrition and hormones |
| source of what two minerals are necessary for bone? | calcium and phosphate salts |
| where is calcitrol made? | kidney |
| what does calcitrol absorb? | calcium and phosphorus in digestive track |
| what is calcitrol made from? | vitamin D3 |
| what is vitamin D3 called before it becomes calcitrol? | chloecalciferol |
| what vitamin is required for collagen synthesis and stimulates osteoblast differentiation? | vitamin C |
| vitamin c deficiency causing loss of bone mass and strength | scurvy |
| this vitamin stimulates osteoblast activity | vitamin A |
| these vitamins synthesize bone proteins | vitamins K and B12 |
| growth hormone and thrroxine stimulate what? | bone growth |
| estrogens and androgens stimulate what? | osteoblasts |
| calcitonin and parathyroid hormone regulate what? | calcium and phosphate levels |
| what causes gigantism? | tumor on pituitary gland |
| what causes acromegally? | epiphyseal cartilage closes and increased bone mass |
| marfan syndrome | connective tissue disorder; tall/thin; plyable |
| what causes dwarfism? | lack of growth hormone |
| what is the most abundant mineral in the body? | calcium |
| what is calcium vital to? | membranes, neurons, and muscle cells (especially cardiac cells) |
| what must happen to calcium ions in body fluids? | must be closely monitored |
| how is homeostatis maintained? | calcitonin and parathyroid hormone |
| where calcium is stored? | bones |
| where calcium is absorbed? | digestive track |
| where calcium is excreted? | kidneys |
| what does parathyroid hormone(PTH) do? | increase blood calcium levels; increase absorption of calcium and decrease calcium excretion |
| what does calcitonin do? | decrease blood calcium levels; inhibits osteoclast activity (bone degrading), and increase calcium excretion at kidneys |
| where is the parathyroid? | in parathyroid the neck |
| what secretes calcitonin? | c cells (parafollier cells) in thyroid |
| what is a fracture? | crack or break in bone |
| what are the 4 steps of bone fracture repair? | 4 steps |
| step 1 of 4 of bone fracture repair: | bleeding makes clot; bone cells in area die |
| step 2 of 4 of bone fracture repair: | calluses stabilize break-external callus surrounds break and internal callus develops in marrow |
| step 3 of 4 of bone fracture repair: | osteoblasts replace central cartilage of external callus with spongy bone |
| step 4 of 4 of bone fracture repair: | osteoblasts and clasts remodel the fracture for up to a year; reducing calluses |
| what are the two types of fractures? | closed (simple) and open (compound) |
| closed (simple) fracture | internal and does not break skin; simple to treat |
| open (compound) | fracture that project through the skin; infection and uncontrolled bleeding occurs |
| transverse fracture | break at a right angle along long axis of bone |
| comminuted fracture | shattering |
| what occurs with age? | bone becomes thinner and more weak |
| osteopenia | decrease bone mass; starts at 30 or 40 and percentage degrades per 10 years |
| osteoporosis | severe bone loss that makes holes in bone; affects normal function over age 45 |
| estrogens and androgens maintain what? | bone mass |
| bone loss in women accelerates what? | menopause |
| cancerous tissue release what? | osteoclasts that degrade bone |
| cancerous produce what? | severe osteoporosis -bone degrading |
Created by:
Lacey1
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