the integumentary system
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| the integument is the _____ system in the body. | largest
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| what percentage of body weight is the integument? how much surface area does the integument cover? | 16; 1.5-2 meters squared
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| what are the two parts of the integument? | 1. cutaneous membrane (skin)
2. accessory structures
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| what are examples of accessory structures? | nails, hair, glands
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| what are the two parts of the cutaneous membrane? (skin) | superficial epidermis (epithelial tissues) and the inner dermis (connective tissue)
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| where do accessory structures originates from? | the dermis
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| true or false: the epidermis has a blood supply | false; gets blood through diffusion of blood in vessels in the circulatory system
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| what is another term for subcutaneous layer? | hypodermis
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| what type of tissue makes up the hypodermis? | loose connective; below dermis
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| where is the location used for many injections? | subcutaneous layer; hypodermis (hypodermic injections)
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| what type of cells are in the epidermis? | avascular stratified squamous epithelium
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| cells of the epidermis are referred to as ____________. | keratinocytes
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| keratinocytes contain are large amount of _________. | keratin
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| keratinocytes are the most abundant cells in the __________. | epidermis
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| how many layers of skin does THIN skin have? | 4
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| how many layers of skin does THICK skin have? | 5
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| what is the extra layer that only is seen in thick skin called? | the stratum lucidum
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| what are the 5 strata of the epidermis? | C,L,G,S,G
superficial to deep:
-corenum
-lucidum
-granulosum
-spinosum
-germinativum
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| what type of cells does the germ layer have? | stem cells or basal cells
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| what 2 structures does the basale layer have? | epidermal ridges and dermal papillae
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| what kinds of cells does the basale have? | merkel cells and melanocytes
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| what occurs in the spinosum layer aka "the spiny layer" | cells continue to divide
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| what type of cells are in the spinosum layer? | langerhan cells
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| what are langerhan cells used for? | immune response
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| what happens in the granulosum layer aka "the grainy layer" | the cells stop dividing and start making keratin and kerotohylain
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| which layer is only found in thick skin? | lucidum
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| what is the corneum layer? | the exposed surface; keratinized cells
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| how often is the corneum replaced? | every 2 weeks
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| skin life cycle: it takes __-__ days for a cell to move from the germ layer to the corneum; total of __-__ days | 7-10; 15-30
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| what are the two types of perspiration? | insensible and sensible
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| what is insensible perspiration? | fluid lose through evaporation; can not be seen
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| what is sensible perspiration? | water excreted be swat glands; can be seen
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| dehydration results in damage to the ______ layer. | corneum
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| dehydration results in submission in a ________ solution | hypertonic
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| hydration results in submission in a ______ solution. | hypotonic
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| dehydration causes | burns and blisters
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| hydration causes | wrinkles and stretching skin
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| what does skin color depend on? | the pigments carotene and melanin; blood circulation
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| carotene is... | a yellow-orange pigment; found in vegetables
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| melanin is... | yellow-brown/black pigment; produced by melanocytes; stores in melanosomes
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| skin color depends on melanin ___________ not the number of melanocytes | production
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| if you have more melanin, you skin will be ___________. | darker
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| if you lack melanin, your skin will be _______. | lighter
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| what happens to an albino? | their immune system attacks the melanocytes
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| what does melanin do? | protects skin from sun damage
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| oxygenated red blood cells contribute to skin color. blood vessels dilate causing skin to _______. | redden
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| oxygenated red blood cells contribute to skin color. blood flow decreasing causes skin to become ____. | pale
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| cyanosis | blush skin; caused by severe reduction in blood flow
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| jaundice | build-up of bile
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| what color does one who suffers from jaundice? | yellow
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| where is bile produced? | liver
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| Addison's disease | pituitary gland secrets large amount of ACT
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| what occurs to one who suffers from Addison's? | skin darkens
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| vitiligo | loss of melanocytes; anitbodies attack normal melanocytes
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| what occurs to the skin of someone suffering from vitiligo? | loss of color
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| what is cholecalciferol? | vitamin D3; produces by epidermis
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| the liver and kidneys convert vitamin d3 into what? | calcitriol
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| what does calcitriol do? | absorbs calcium and phosphorus
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| what can a lack of vitamin d3 result in? | rickets (bow-legged)
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| epidermal growth factor (EGF) | powerful growth factor; used for skin grafts
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| dermis has two components, what are they? | outer papillary layer and deep reticular layer
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| papillary layer is made of ____________ tissue. | areolar
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| papillary layer has ________ _________. | dermal papillae (projections between epidermal ridges)
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| reticular layer is made of _____ _________ _________ tissue. | dense irregular connective
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| reticular layer contains _______ _______, _______ ______ and ______ ________. | blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerve fibers
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| reticular layer contains _____ and _____ ______. | collagen and elastic fibers
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| reticular layers contains _____ _____ ______. | connective tissue proper
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| dermatitis | inflammation of the papillary layer
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| what does "itis" mean? | inflammation
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| 3 characteristics of dermis | strong(collagen fibers)
elastic (elastic fibers)
flexible (turgor)
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| sagging and wrinkles are caused by what? | reduction in elastin
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| 4 causes of sagging/wrinkles: | dehydration, age, hormonal changes, UV exposure
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| what is the worst type of skin cancer? | melanoma
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| what causes stretch marks? | thickened tissue and fibers caused by surpassing elastic limits
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| excessive skin stretching can be caused by what two things? | pregnancy and weight gain
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| cleavage lines are caused by what two things in the dermis? | collagen and elastic fibers
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| cleavage lines are arranged in a what? | parallel bundle
and resist force in ONE direction
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| cleavage lines establish a pattern. a parallel cut heals ____. | well
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| cleavage lines establish a pattern. a horizontal cut heals ____. | not well; leaves scars
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| what are the two types of arteries? | cutaneous plexus and papillary plexus
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| cutaneous plexus | network of arteries along the reticular layer
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| papillary plexus | capillary network of small arteries along the papillary layer
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| what are the two types of veins? | venous plexus and contusion
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| venous plexus | capillary return deep to papillary layer
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| contusion | damage to blood vessels resulting in "black and blue" bruising
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| what are decubitus ulcers? | bed sores
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| what happens that causes a bed sore? | compression of blood vessels due to not moving over a period of time
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| tactile disks monitor what? | merkel cells
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| tactile corpuscles are sensitive to what? | light touch
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| lamellated corpuscles are sensitive to what? | deep pressures and vibrations
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| what is another name for hypodermis? | subcutaneous layer
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| is the subcutaneous layer part of the integument? | no
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| subcutaneous layer is made of what? | elastic areolar and adipose tissue
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| subcutaneous layer has few what? | few capillaries and no vital organs
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| hypodermic injections are stuck into the subcutaneous layer by using what? | hypodermic needles
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| what is adipose tissue? | fat
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| what are accessory structures of the integument? | hair, hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands and nails
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| hair is located all over the body except for what 4 places? | palms of hands, soles of feet, lips, and external genitalia
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| accessory structures: arrector pili | involuntary smooth muscle; causes hair to stand up; causes "goosebumps"
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| accessory structures: sebaceous glands | lubricate hair; control bacteria
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| regions of the hair: root | lower part; attached to integument
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| regions of the hair: shaft | upper part; not attached
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| how hair grows? | papilla contains capillaries and nerves; bulb produces matrix
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| matrix | layer of dividing cells; pushes hair up and out of skin
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| hair growth cycle: growing hair | attached to matrix
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| hair growth cycle: club hair | not growing; attached to inactive follicle
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| new hair growth cycle | follicle becomes active; makes new hair; club hair is shed
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| two types of hair | vellus and terminal
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| vellus hair | soft/fine hair; covers body surface
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| another name for vellus hair? | peach fuzz
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| terminal hair | havily pigmented; head, eyebrows, eyelashes (other parts after puberty: armpits, pubic area, limbs)
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| how is hair color determined? | melanocytes; genes also
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| which type of glands are exocrine glands? | sebaceous glands
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| sebaceous glands are _________ | holocrine (cell explodes on follicle/skin)
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| sebaceous glands secrete what? | sebum
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| what is sebum? | lubricates/protects epidermis; inhibits bacterial growth; contains carbs/lipids/other things
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| what are the two types of sebaceous glands? | simple branched alveolar and sebaceous follicles
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| simple branched alveolar | associated with hair follicles
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| sebaceous follicles | discharge directly onto skin
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| sebaceous follicles are the source of seborrheic dermatitis...what is this? | dandruff
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| what are the two types of sweat (sudoriferous) glands? | apocrine and merocrine
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| apocrine sweat glands | discharge on hair follicles
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| apocrine sweat gland secretions | sticky/cloudy
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| merocrine sweat glands | discharge directly onto skin surface
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| merocrine sweat gland secretions | watery
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| another name for merocrine sweat glands | eccrine glands
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| which type of land produces odor? | apocrine
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| where are apocrine (odor) secretions found? | armpits, nipples, groins
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| what do myoepithelial cells do? | squeeze secretions onto skin surface
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| functions of merocrine sweat | cools skin; excretes water/electrolytes; flushes out microorganisms
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| mammary glands | produce milk
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| ceruminous glands | protects eardrum and produce cerumen (ear wax)
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| control of glands: autonomic nervous system | controls sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands; all over body
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| control of glands: merocrine sweat glands | controlled independently; in local area
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| homeostasis can be reached using this | thermoregulation (sweating)
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| what are nails made of? | dead cells packed with keratin
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| nail production | occurs deep in the epidermal fold near the bone called the nail root
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| structure of the nail: nail body | visible part; covers nail bed
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| structure of the nail: lunula | pale crescent at the base of the nail
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| structure of the nail: sides of the nails | lateral nails (grooves)
lateral nail (folds)
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| structure of the nail: skin beneath the free edge of the nail | hyponychium
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| eponychium | cuticle
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| repair of localized injuries to the skin: step 1 | bleeding; mast cells trigger inflammation response
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| repair of localized injuries to the skin: step 2 | scab
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| inflammatory repsonse | macrophanges clean area; fibroblasts and endothelial cells come in and make granulation tissue
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| repair of localized injuries to the skin: step 3 | scar tissue
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| repair of localized injuries to the skin: step 4 | keloid (raises area) forms
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| effects of aging | everything decreases
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