Chapter 2 chemical Basis of Life
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| Chemistry | Deals with composition of substance and hoe they change
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| Knowledge of chemistry | Necessary for understanding of physiology because of the importance of chemicals in body pressure
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| Matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass
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| All Matter is composed of | Elements, 92 of which occur naturally
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| Elements are the simplest | Form of matter and identified by one or two letter symbols (Oxygen-O, Iron-Fe)
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| Living organisms require about | 20 elements, of which carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,and nitrogen are most abundant.They compose 95% of living organisms.
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| Elements are composed of | Atoms; atoms of different element vary in size and in how they interact
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| Atoms are | The smallest particle of an element retaining all the properties of that element
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| An atom consists of | A nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons in orbit around the nucleus
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| Protons with | A positive charge, are about equal in size to neutrons, which have no change
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| Electrons | Are much smaller and bear a negative charge
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| An electrically neutral | Atom has equal numbers of protons and electrons
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| The number of protons | Denotes the atomic number of an element; the number of protons plus the number of neutrons equals the atomic weight
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| Atoms form | Bonds by gaining,losing,or sharing electrons
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| Electrons are found | In shells around the nucleus
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| The first energy | Shell hols two electron; the other energy shells each hold eight electrons when on the outside
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| Atoms with | Incompletely filled outer shells tend to be reactive to form stable outer shells of 8 electrons
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| When atoms | Gain or lose electrons they become ions with a charge. Whether they gain or lose will depend on how many they have in the outer shell to start with
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| Oppositely | charged ions attract each other and form an ionic bond
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| Anion | Ion with a negative electrical charge
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| Cation | Ion with a positive electrical charge
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| Covalent Bonds | Are formed when atoms share electrons (equally) to become stable with filled outer shells
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| Two pairs of electrons | Shared between atoms for a double covalent bond
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| Polar Covalent Bonds | Water molecule
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| Unequal sharing | Of electrons between atoms
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| results in Molecules | Having oppositely charged ends
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| Give Properties | That enable substances to be dissolved
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| Water | Known as a Universal Solvent since it can dissolve most substance
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| Molecule is | Formed when two or more atoms combine from the same object
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| If atoms of the same | Element bond, it produce molecules of that element (elemental molecules such as O2 and N3)
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| If atoms of different | Elements combine, the molecule can also be called a compound
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| Compounds | Always have a definite kind and number if atoms (C6H12O6, NaCl, H2SO4)
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| Chemical reaction | Occurs as bonds are bonds formed or broken between atoms,ions, or molecules
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| Those changed by the reaction | Are the reactants those formed are the product
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| Two or more atoms or molecules | Can be joined during synthesis (A+B=AB)
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| Larger molecules can | Be broken into smaller ones in decomposition reactions (breaks down)(AB+CD-AC+BD)
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| Reverside reactions | are symbolized by using two arrows
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| Catalysts | Influence the rates of chemical reactions (in the body are usually enzymes)
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| Exchange reaction | Occur as parts of molecules trade places (TRADE PLACES)
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| Substances that release | Ions in water are called electrolytes (sport drinks, pedialyte)
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| Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions | (H+) in water are called acids (turns litmus paper from blue to red)
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| Electrolytes that release hydroxyl ions | (OH-) in water are called bases (alkalines)
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| The concentration of H+ and OH- | In the body are very important to physiology
A. H+ and OH- from water which is neutral
B. Balance of what is left over or higher H+ or OH- determines the pH of the solution
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| pH represents the | concentration (quantity hydrogen ions) [H+] in solutions
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| A pH of 7 indicates a neutral solution | With equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxyl (OH) ions.
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| A.pH of zero to less than 7 indicates | The presence of more hydrogen ions, and thus the solution is more acidic, a pH greater than 7 or 14 indicates more hydroxyl ions, or a basic or alkaline
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| B.Between each whole number of the | pH scale there is a tenfold difference in hydrogen in concentration
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| A. Change of one whole number | Represents a 10 fold change in pH
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| B. A change between two whole numbers | Represents a 10 times 10,100 fold change
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| pH Scale | 0-7 acidic 7-14 alkaline 7- base
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| Acid-alkali neutralization is the same reaction | That naturally ionizes water to create hydrogen and hydroxide ions
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| When acids and alkali are mixed together | Equal proportions, they neutralize each other form water H2O
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| Chemical | That resist pH change
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| Combine with hydrogen ions | When these ions are in excess or they donate hydrogen ions when ions are depleted
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| Found in all body fluids | Combine with excess H+ and OH- to make them weaker and bring levels into homeostatic range
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| The pH of human blood | About 7.4 (ranges 7.35-7.45), outside this range and a person could die. Homeostatic mechanism may regulate pH. (acidosis or alkalosis)
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| bicarbonate buffer system | Blood, neutralize stomach acid before it enters small intestine is reduced
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| Phosphate buffer system | Kidneys and urine production
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| Protein buffer system | Plasma proteins,hemoglobin or red blood cells (part of blood)
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