Stack #16775
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| Major function of respiratory system | to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
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| Name four processes collectively called respiraton | Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of resp gases, internal respiration
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| Define pulmonary respiration | movement of air into and out of the lungs
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| define external respiration | movement of oxygen from lungs to blood, and carbon dioxide from blood to lungs
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| Transport of respiratory gases | transport of oxygen from lungs to the tissues, and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs
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| Internal Respiration | movement of oxygen from blood to the tissues, and of carbon dioxide from tissues to the blood
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| Organs included in th respiratory system | nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
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| Name the 2 zones of respiraion | The respiratory zone, the actual site of gas exchange, composed of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli, and all microscopic structures. The conducting zone: all other passages from nose to bronchioles
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| Function of conducting zone | warms, moistens, filters incoming air
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| Nose | produces mucus, filters, warms, and moistens incoming air: resonance chamber for speech
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| inflammation of vocal cords, causes the vocal folds to swell, interfering with their vibration | laryngitis
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| Valsalva's maneuver | during abdominal straining assoc with defecation, the glottis closes to prevent exhalation and the muscles contract, causing intra-abdominal pressure to rise, helps empty rectum and stablizes body
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| Trachea | (windpipe) descends from the larynx through the neck and into the mediastinum, tracheal wall consist of several layers
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| Mucosa | goblet cell-containing pseudostratified epithelium, cilia propel debris, bacteria toward the pharynx, rests on thick lamina propria
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| Submucosa | connective tissue layer deep to mucosa, contains seromucous glands, outermost layer is adventitia
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| Adventitia | connective tissue layer reinforced internaly by 16 to 20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
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| Trachealis muscle | open posterior parts of cartilage rings, which abut the esophagus are connected by smooth muscle fibers
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| Carina | spar of cartilage projects posteriorly from its inner face, point where trachea brances into the 2 primary bronchi
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| Heimlich Maneuver | procedure in which air in the victim's lungs is used to expel and obstructing piece of food or FB
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| Primary Bronchi | formed by the division of the trachea at level T7
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| Secondary(lobar) bronchi | subdivision of primary bronchus- 3 on the right and 2 on the left each supplying one lung lobe
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| Tertiary (segmental) bronchi | third order branching which divide into smaller and smaller bronchi, etc.
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| Bronchioles | passages smaller than 1mm in diameter, the tiniest of these terminal branches, are less than 0.5mm in diameter
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| Bronchial or Resp Tree | because of branching pattern, the conducting network within the lungs
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| Alveoli | thin-walled air sacs within the respiratory zone
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| Respiratory bronchioles | the resp zone begins as the terminal bronchioles feed into these in the lungs
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| Alveolar Ducts | resp bronchioles lead into these winding ducts whose walls consists of diffusely arranged rings of smooth muscle cells, connective tissue fibers, and outpocketing of alveoli
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| Alveolar Sacs | terminal clusters of alveoli, resembles a bunch of grapes
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| Type I cells | single layer of squamous epithelial cells in the alveolar walls, surrounded by flimsy basal lamina
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| Type II cells | simple cuboidal cells that secrete a fluid containing surfactant that coats the gas exposed alveolar surfaces
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| Respiratory Membrane | together, the alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basal laminae form this membrane, an air-blood barrier with gas on 1 side and blood on the other
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| Alveolar Pores | open pores connecting adjacent alveoli allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized and provide an alternate route for dz tissue
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| Alveolar Macrophages | dust cells that crawl freely along internal alveolar surfaaces
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| Lungs | paired organs of gas exchange, flank the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity. Right lung has 3 lobes, left has 2 lobes
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| Function of Lungs | primarily air passageways supported by elastic connective tissue stroma
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| Pulmonary Arteries | carry blood returned from the systemic circulation to the lungs, where gas exchange occurs
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| Pulmonary Veins | return newly oxygenated blood back to the heart to be distributed to the body
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| Bronchial Arteries | provide the nutrient blood supply of the lungs
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| Parietal Pleura | lines the thoracic wall and mediastinum
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| Visceral Pleura | covers the external lung surfaces
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| Pleural Fluid | reduces friction during breathing movements
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| Intrapulmonary pressure | pressure w/in the alveoli
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| Intrapleural pressure | pressure w/in the pleural cavity
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| Inspiration | occurs when diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing dimensions and volume of thorax
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| Expiration | largely passive, occuring when inspiratory muscles relax and lungs recoil
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| IRDS | infant respiratory distress syndrome- secondary to inability to form surfactant
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| Four respiratory volumes | tidal, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, and residual
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| Nonrespiratory air movements | are voluntary or reflex actions that clear the respiratory passagways or express emotions
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| Dalton's Law | states that each gas in a mixture of gases exerts pressure in proportion to its percentage in the total mixture
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| Henry's Law | states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas.
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| Composition of Alveolar Gas | contains more carbon dioxide and water vapor and considerably less oxygen than atmosphereic air
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| Hypoxia | occurs when inadequate amounts of oxygen are delivered to body tissues. Skin and mucosae may become cyanotic
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| Carbon Dioxide Transport | transported in the blood dissolved in plasma, chemically bound to hemaglobin, and primarily as bicarbonate ion in plasma.
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| Haldane Effect | reflects the greater ability of reduced hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin and to buffer H by combining with it
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| Eupnea | normal resp, rate, rhythm
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