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Stack #16775
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Major function of respiratory system | to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide |
| Name four processes collectively called respiraton | Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of resp gases, internal respiration |
| Define pulmonary respiration | movement of air into and out of the lungs |
| define external respiration | movement of oxygen from lungs to blood, and carbon dioxide from blood to lungs |
| Transport of respiratory gases | transport of oxygen from lungs to the tissues, and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs |
| Internal Respiration | movement of oxygen from blood to the tissues, and of carbon dioxide from tissues to the blood |
| Organs included in th respiratory system | nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli |
| Name the 2 zones of respiraion | The respiratory zone, the actual site of gas exchange, composed of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli, and all microscopic structures. The conducting zone: all other passages from nose to bronchioles |
| Function of conducting zone | warms, moistens, filters incoming air |
| Nose | produces mucus, filters, warms, and moistens incoming air: resonance chamber for speech |
| inflammation of vocal cords, causes the vocal folds to swell, interfering with their vibration | laryngitis |
| Valsalva's maneuver | during abdominal straining assoc with defecation, the glottis closes to prevent exhalation and the muscles contract, causing intra-abdominal pressure to rise, helps empty rectum and stablizes body |
| Trachea | (windpipe) descends from the larynx through the neck and into the mediastinum, tracheal wall consist of several layers |
| Mucosa | goblet cell-containing pseudostratified epithelium, cilia propel debris, bacteria toward the pharynx, rests on thick lamina propria |
| Submucosa | connective tissue layer deep to mucosa, contains seromucous glands, outermost layer is adventitia |
| Adventitia | connective tissue layer reinforced internaly by 16 to 20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage |
| Trachealis muscle | open posterior parts of cartilage rings, which abut the esophagus are connected by smooth muscle fibers |
| Carina | spar of cartilage projects posteriorly from its inner face, point where trachea brances into the 2 primary bronchi |
| Heimlich Maneuver | procedure in which air in the victim's lungs is used to expel and obstructing piece of food or FB |
| Primary Bronchi | formed by the division of the trachea at level T7 |
| Secondary(lobar) bronchi | subdivision of primary bronchus- 3 on the right and 2 on the left each supplying one lung lobe |
| Tertiary (segmental) bronchi | third order branching which divide into smaller and smaller bronchi, etc. |
| Bronchioles | passages smaller than 1mm in diameter, the tiniest of these terminal branches, are less than 0.5mm in diameter |
| Bronchial or Resp Tree | because of branching pattern, the conducting network within the lungs |
| Alveoli | thin-walled air sacs within the respiratory zone |
| Respiratory bronchioles | the resp zone begins as the terminal bronchioles feed into these in the lungs |
| Alveolar Ducts | resp bronchioles lead into these winding ducts whose walls consists of diffusely arranged rings of smooth muscle cells, connective tissue fibers, and outpocketing of alveoli |
| Alveolar Sacs | terminal clusters of alveoli, resembles a bunch of grapes |
| Type I cells | single layer of squamous epithelial cells in the alveolar walls, surrounded by flimsy basal lamina |
| Type II cells | simple cuboidal cells that secrete a fluid containing surfactant that coats the gas exposed alveolar surfaces |
| Respiratory Membrane | together, the alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basal laminae form this membrane, an air-blood barrier with gas on 1 side and blood on the other |
| Alveolar Pores | open pores connecting adjacent alveoli allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized and provide an alternate route for dz tissue |
| Alveolar Macrophages | dust cells that crawl freely along internal alveolar surfaaces |
| Lungs | paired organs of gas exchange, flank the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity. Right lung has 3 lobes, left has 2 lobes |
| Function of Lungs | primarily air passageways supported by elastic connective tissue stroma |
| Pulmonary Arteries | carry blood returned from the systemic circulation to the lungs, where gas exchange occurs |
| Pulmonary Veins | return newly oxygenated blood back to the heart to be distributed to the body |
| Bronchial Arteries | provide the nutrient blood supply of the lungs |
| Parietal Pleura | lines the thoracic wall and mediastinum |
| Visceral Pleura | covers the external lung surfaces |
| Pleural Fluid | reduces friction during breathing movements |
| Intrapulmonary pressure | pressure w/in the alveoli |
| Intrapleural pressure | pressure w/in the pleural cavity |
| Inspiration | occurs when diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing dimensions and volume of thorax |
| Expiration | largely passive, occuring when inspiratory muscles relax and lungs recoil |
| IRDS | infant respiratory distress syndrome- secondary to inability to form surfactant |
| Four respiratory volumes | tidal, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, and residual |
| Nonrespiratory air movements | are voluntary or reflex actions that clear the respiratory passagways or express emotions |
| Dalton's Law | states that each gas in a mixture of gases exerts pressure in proportion to its percentage in the total mixture |
| Henry's Law | states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas. |
| Composition of Alveolar Gas | contains more carbon dioxide and water vapor and considerably less oxygen than atmosphereic air |
| Hypoxia | occurs when inadequate amounts of oxygen are delivered to body tissues. Skin and mucosae may become cyanotic |
| Carbon Dioxide Transport | transported in the blood dissolved in plasma, chemically bound to hemaglobin, and primarily as bicarbonate ion in plasma. |
| Haldane Effect | reflects the greater ability of reduced hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin and to buffer H by combining with it |
| Eupnea | normal resp, rate, rhythm |
Created by:
butterflee21
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