notes part 2
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| what is a mutation? | change in the nucleotide sequence of gene
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| what two things can a mutation cause? | cancer and blood disorders
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| what are the three causes of mutations? | exposure to chemicals and radiation or mistakes during DNA replication
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| what goes into the cell membrane? | nutrients
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| what must go out of the cell membrane? | waste
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| what is permeability? | determines which substances can enter and leave the cytoplasm
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| what does impermeable mean? | NOTHING goes in out
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| what does freely permeable mean? | ANYTHING goes in and out
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| what does selectively permeable mean? | only certain things can move in and out
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| which type of cell membrane do we have? | selectively permeable
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| what are the four things that can be affected by selective permeability? | size; electrical charge; molecular shape; lipid solubility
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| what are the two types of transport? | active and passive
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| what is needed in active transport? | energy and ATP
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| what is the difference with passive transport? | no energy is required
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| what are the tree categories of transport? | diffusion (passive), carrier mediated (can be either), vesicular (active)
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| what is diffusion? | movement of area of high concentration to low concentration
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| what is the goal of diffusion? | balance
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| what is the concentration gradient? | difference between high and low concentration
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| what is concentration? | amount of solute in a solvent
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| what five factors affect diffusion rate? | distance needed to move, molecule size, temperature, gradient size, electrical forces
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| what are the two ways diffusion can be? | simple and channel-mediated
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| what is simple diffusion? | materials which diffuse through cell membrane (ex. lipid soluble compounds like alcohols, fatty acids, steroids, and dissolved gases )
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| what us channel mediated diffusion? | materials that must pass through a transmembrane protein channel
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| what three things affect passage in channel mediated diffusion? | size, charge, and interaction with the channel
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| diffusion of water across a cell membrane | osmosis
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| what occurs across a selectively permeable membrane in osmosis | the membrane must be freely permeable to water, but selectively permeable to solutes.
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| where does water flow during osmosis? | water flows toward the higher concentration of solutes because it has a lower amount of water
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| the force with which pure water moves into that solution as a result of its solute concentration | osmotic pressure
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| what is osmolarity? | total solute concentration in an aqueous solution
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| what is the effect of various osmotic solutions (water) on cells? | tonicity
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| a solution that does NOT cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell | isotonic; iso=same tonos(tonic)=tension
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| what does a cell do in a HPYOtonic solution? | cell swells/ruptures (hypo-think HIPPO->get big)
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| what does a cell do in a HYPERtonic solution? | cell shrinks
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| hypotonic has _____ solutes | less
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| hypertonic has ____ solutes | more
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| hypotonic ______ water through osmosis | loses
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| hypertonic _____ water through osmosis | gains
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| what are the two forms of carrier-mediated transport? | facilitated and active
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| what are the three characteristics of channel-mediated transport? | specify, saturation limit, regulation
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| what are the two mechanisms of channel mediated transport? | cotransport and countertransport
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| what are 2 substances moving in the same direction at the same time called? | cotransport
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| what is it called when 1 substance moving in while another moving out? | contertransport
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| what occurs when carrier proteins transport molecules too large to fit through channel proteins? | facilitated diffusion
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| where does a molecule bind to a protein? | the receptor site
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| what are the two types of facilitated diffusion? | passive and carrier mediated
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| what occurs in active transport? | move substances AGAINST THE CONCENTRAION GRADIENT from areas of low to high concentration
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| what is needed for active transport? | energy
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| sodium potassium exchange pump uses which type of transport? | active
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| what does a sodium potassium exchange pump do? | moves 3 Na (sodium) out of cell and 2 K (potassium) into the cell
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| secondary active transport does what? | drives glucose transport; ATP pumps the sodium back out
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| transport vesicles are useful in what two cellular function? | endocytosis and exocytosis
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| what are ligands? | receptors (glycoproteins) that bind target molecules
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| what carries ligands and receptors into the cell? | coated vesicles(endosomes)
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| what does lysosomes do? | break down things
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| what does cell drinking refer to? | pinocytosis
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| what does cell eating refer to? | phagocytosis
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