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AP1-Chapter 3
notes part 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is a mutation? | change in the nucleotide sequence of gene |
| what two things can a mutation cause? | cancer and blood disorders |
| what are the three causes of mutations? | exposure to chemicals and radiation or mistakes during DNA replication |
| what goes into the cell membrane? | nutrients |
| what must go out of the cell membrane? | waste |
| what is permeability? | determines which substances can enter and leave the cytoplasm |
| what does impermeable mean? | NOTHING goes in out |
| what does freely permeable mean? | ANYTHING goes in and out |
| what does selectively permeable mean? | only certain things can move in and out |
| which type of cell membrane do we have? | selectively permeable |
| what are the four things that can be affected by selective permeability? | size; electrical charge; molecular shape; lipid solubility |
| what are the two types of transport? | active and passive |
| what is needed in active transport? | energy and ATP |
| what is the difference with passive transport? | no energy is required |
| what are the tree categories of transport? | diffusion (passive), carrier mediated (can be either), vesicular (active) |
| what is diffusion? | movement of area of high concentration to low concentration |
| what is the goal of diffusion? | balance |
| what is the concentration gradient? | difference between high and low concentration |
| what is concentration? | amount of solute in a solvent |
| what five factors affect diffusion rate? | distance needed to move, molecule size, temperature, gradient size, electrical forces |
| what are the two ways diffusion can be? | simple and channel-mediated |
| what is simple diffusion? | materials which diffuse through cell membrane (ex. lipid soluble compounds like alcohols, fatty acids, steroids, and dissolved gases ) |
| what us channel mediated diffusion? | materials that must pass through a transmembrane protein channel |
| what three things affect passage in channel mediated diffusion? | size, charge, and interaction with the channel |
| diffusion of water across a cell membrane | osmosis |
| what occurs across a selectively permeable membrane in osmosis | the membrane must be freely permeable to water, but selectively permeable to solutes. |
| where does water flow during osmosis? | water flows toward the higher concentration of solutes because it has a lower amount of water |
| the force with which pure water moves into that solution as a result of its solute concentration | osmotic pressure |
| what is osmolarity? | total solute concentration in an aqueous solution |
| what is the effect of various osmotic solutions (water) on cells? | tonicity |
| a solution that does NOT cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell | isotonic; iso=same tonos(tonic)=tension |
| what does a cell do in a HPYOtonic solution? | cell swells/ruptures (hypo-think HIPPO->get big) |
| what does a cell do in a HYPERtonic solution? | cell shrinks |
| hypotonic has _____ solutes | less |
| hypertonic has ____ solutes | more |
| hypotonic ______ water through osmosis | loses |
| hypertonic _____ water through osmosis | gains |
| what are the two forms of carrier-mediated transport? | facilitated and active |
| what are the three characteristics of channel-mediated transport? | specify, saturation limit, regulation |
| what are the two mechanisms of channel mediated transport? | cotransport and countertransport |
| what are 2 substances moving in the same direction at the same time called? | cotransport |
| what is it called when 1 substance moving in while another moving out? | contertransport |
| what occurs when carrier proteins transport molecules too large to fit through channel proteins? | facilitated diffusion |
| where does a molecule bind to a protein? | the receptor site |
| what are the two types of facilitated diffusion? | passive and carrier mediated |
| what occurs in active transport? | move substances AGAINST THE CONCENTRAION GRADIENT from areas of low to high concentration |
| what is needed for active transport? | energy |
| sodium potassium exchange pump uses which type of transport? | active |
| what does a sodium potassium exchange pump do? | moves 3 Na (sodium) out of cell and 2 K (potassium) into the cell |
| secondary active transport does what? | drives glucose transport; ATP pumps the sodium back out |
| transport vesicles are useful in what two cellular function? | endocytosis and exocytosis |
| what are ligands? | receptors (glycoproteins) that bind target molecules |
| what carries ligands and receptors into the cell? | coated vesicles(endosomes) |
| what does lysosomes do? | break down things |
| what does cell drinking refer to? | pinocytosis |
| what does cell eating refer to? | phagocytosis |
Created by:
Lacey1
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