AP Euro Renaissance
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| Italian Renaissance | a period of great cultural change and achievement that began in Italy during the 14th century and lasted until the 16th century
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| Republic of Florence | (included Republic of Genoa) Center of the Renaissance during the 14th and 15th centuries
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| Medici family | Rich banking family that dominated at that time
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| Cosimo de’ Medici | allied with other powerful families of Florence and became unofficial ruler of the republic
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| Lorenzo de’ Medici (the Magnificent) | significant patron of the arts (son of Cosimo)
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| Girolamo Savonarola | became the unofficial leader of Florence between 1494 and 1498
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| Machiavelli, The Prince | The quintessential political treatise of the 16th century
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| Cesare Borgia | (son of Pope Alexander VI)had ambitions of uniting Italy under his control
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| Sack of Rome, 1527 | armies of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (who was also king of Spain) symbolized the end of the Renaissance in Italy
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| Charles V | king of Spain during the time of the Italian Renaissance
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| humanism | Revival of antiquity (Greece and Rome) in philosophy,literature and art,Sought to reconcile pagan writings with Christian thought,Strong belief in individualism and the great potential of human beings
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| Petrarch | the “father of humanism”, Considered the first modern writer
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| Boccaccio, Decameron | his most famous work, Consisted of 100 earthy tales that comprise a social commentary of 14th century Italy
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| Leonardo Bruni | First to use the term “humanism”, Among the most important of the civic humanists Served as a chancellor in Florence
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| Latin Vulgate | the authorized version of the Bible for the Catholic Church
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| Pico Della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man | Perhaps the most famous Renaissance work on the
nature of humankind,Humans were created by God and therefore given tremendous potential for greatness, and even union with God if they desired it
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| Baldassare Castiglione, Book of the Courtier | Perhaps most important work on Renaissance social etiquette,Specified qualities necessary to be a true gentleman including physical and intellectual abilities and leading an active life
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| Johann Gutenberg, printing press | One of most important inventions in human history
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| moveable type | made possible the spread of humanistic literature to rest of Europe with astonishing speed
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| quattrocento, 1400 | Florence was the leader in Renaissance art especially in the quattrocento
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| cinquecento, 1500s | Rome became the center of Renaissance art in the 1500s
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| Pope Alexander VI | most notorious of the Renaissance popes; spent huge sums on art patronage
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| perspective | 3-D effects on a 2-dimensional surface,Medieval works, in contrast, looked flat and two-dimensional
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| chiaroscuro | use of dark and light colors to create the illusion of depth
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| stylized faces | more generic in the works of art, showing emotion
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| sfumato | developed by Leonardo; a technique of blurring or softening sharp outlines
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| Giotto | considered perhaps the first Renaissance painter; use of chiaroscuro
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| Brunelleschi, Il Duomo | atop Santa Maria del Fiore is his masterpiece; it was the largest dome in Europe at the time of its construction
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| Lorenzo Ghiberti, “gates of paradise” | sculptor,His two sets of bronze doors (1424 and 1452) are a masterpiece of sculpture,Michelangelo called his 2nd set of bronze doors the “gates of paradise”
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| Donatello, David | His bronze statue of David (1408-09) was the first since antiquity,First Renaissance artist to utilize a nude figure in sculpture
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| Sandro Botticelli, Birth of Venus | The painting is a good example of humanism as the subject is Venus, the Roman goddess of love
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| “High Renaissance” | centered in Rome (16th century),The worldly “Renaissance Popes”—Alexander VI, Julius II and Leo X—provided tremendous patronage to the arts
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| Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa | The quintessential “Renaissance Man”,Painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, writer, scientist,Considered one of the great masterpieces in all of art history
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| Raphael, School of Athens | a quintessential example of humanism,Greco-Roman architecture is prominent,Plato & Aristotle are in the center of the painting,Sculptures are painted in contrapposto stance
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| Michelangelo, David; ceiling of Sistine Chapel; dome on St. Peter’s basilica, Pieta | Painting: ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Commissioned by Pope Julius II,David;Humanistic marble sculpture—glorifies the human body;Pieta;Mary holds the limp body of Christ,
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| Titian | Greatest painter of the Venetian school,Use of vivid color and movement, in contrast to more subtle colors and static figures of the
Florentine style
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| Mannerism | Reaction against the Renaissance ideals of balance,symmetry, simplicity and realistic use of color,High Renaissance had taken art to perfection; there was little that could be done to improve it; thus, mannerists rebelled against it
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| El Greco | Greek artist; did most of his greatest work in Spain,Perhaps the greatest of the Mannerists with his use of elongated figures and unnatural pigments
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| Northern Renaissance | late-15th and 16th centuries,
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| Christian humanism | Emphasized early Church writings that provided
answers on how to improve society and reform the Church
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| Erasmus, In Praise of Folly | Most famous and celebrated of all northern humanists,Best-seller (only the Bible sold more by 1550),Written in Latin; thus is was not intended for mass consumption
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| Thomas More, Utopia | Prime example of a civic humanist; he rose to the highest government position of any humanist,More’s humanistic masterpiece Mixes civic humanism with religious ideals to describe a perfect (utopian) society located on an imaginary island
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| Francois Rabelais, Gargantua and Pantagruel | His secular writings portrayed his confidence in human nature and reflected Renaissance tastes,Folk epics and comic masterpieces that satirized French society
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| Michel de Montaigne, skepticism, essay form | Developed the essay form,The essay became a vehicle for testing new ideas,Doubt that true knowledge could be obtained Believed that the skeptic must be cautious, critical and suspend judgment.
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| William Shakespeare | Elizabethan era,Greatest of the English Renaissance authorship works reflected the Renaissance ideas of classical Greek and Roman culture, individualism and humanism
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| Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote | Among the greatest pieces of Spanish literature
Critical of excessive religious idealism and chivalric romance
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| Flemish style | the Low Countries produced especially important artists,Heavily influenced by the Italian Renaissance
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| Jan van Eyck | Most famous and innovative Flemish painter of the 15th century,Perfected oil painting Naturalistic wood panel paintings used much
religious symbolism.
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| Peter Brueghel, the Elder | Focused on lives of ordinary people and The Battle Between Carnival and Lent, not influenced by the Italian Renaissance
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| Albrecht Dürer | Foremost northern Renaissance artist,Master of the woodcut,First northern artist to master Italian Renaissance techniques of proportion, perspective, & modeling
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| Hans Holbein the Younger | Premier portrait artist of his era: painted Erasmus, More, numerous portraits of King Henry VIII and also his family members
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| Christine de Pisan | A new debate emerged over the proper role of women in society;debate continued for 600 years
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| Isabella d’Este | “First Lady” of the Renaissance,Set an example for women to break away from their traditional roles as mere ornaments to their husbands
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| Artemesia Gentileschi | considered a Baroque painter,Perhaps the first female artist to gain recognition in the post-Renaissance era
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