Urinary System -Q – Diagnostic Tests & Procedure & A – Meaning
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| cystoscopy | examination of the bladder using a rigid or flexible cystoscope
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| kidney biopsy (Bx) | removal of kidney tissue for pathologic examination
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| intravenous pyelogram (IVP) | x-ray image of the urinary tract obtained after an iodine contrast medium has been injected into the bloodstream; the contrast passes through the kidney and may reveal an obstruction, evidence of trauma, etc.
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| kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB) (Fig. 13-8) | abdominal x-ray image of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder; typically used as a scout film before obtaining an intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
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| scout film | plain-film x-ray image obtained to detect any obvious pathology before further imaging (e.g., a KUB before an IVP)
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| renal angiogram | x-ray image of the renal artery obtained after injecting contrast material into a catheter in the artery
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| retrograde pyelogram (RP) | x-ray image of the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis obtained after contrast medium has been injected up to the kidney by way of a small catheter passed through a cystoscope; used to detect the presence of stones, obstruction, etc.
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| voiding cystourethrogram (VCU or VCUG) | x-ray image of the bladder and urethra obtained during urination (voiding = urinating)
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| abdominal sonogram | abdominal ultrasound image of the urinary tract, including the kidney and bladder
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| urinalysis (UA) | physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine
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| specific gravity (SpGr) | measure of the concentration or dilution of urine
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| pH | measure of the acidity or alkalinity of urine
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| glucose | chemical test used to detect sugar in the urine; most often used to screen for diabetes (glucose = sugar)
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| albumin (alb) | chemical test used to detect the presence of albumin in the urine
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| ketones | chemical test used to detect the presence of ketone bodies in the urine; positive test indicates that fats are being used by the body instead of carbohydrates, which occurs during starvation or an uncontrolled diabetic state
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| urine occult blood | chemical test for the presence of hidden blood in the urine resulting from red blood cell hemolysis; indicates bleeding in the kidneys (occult = hidden)
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| bilirubin | chemical test used to detect bilirubin in the urine; seen in gallbladder and liver disease
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| urobilinogen | chemical test used to detect bile pigment in the urine; increased amounts are seen in gallbladder and liver disease
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| nitrite | chemical test to determine the presence of bacteria in the urine
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| microscopic findings (see Figs. 13-3 and 13-4) | microscopic identification of abnormal constituents in the urine (e.g., red blood cells, white blood cells, and casts); reported per high- or low-power field (hpf or lpf, respectively)
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| urine culture and sensitivity (C&S) | isolation of a urine specimen in a culture medium to propagate the growth of microorganisms; organisms that grow in the culture are identified, as are drugs to which they are sensitive
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| blood urea nitrogen (BUN) | blood test to determine the level of urea in the blood; a high BUN indicates the inability of one or both kidneys to excrete urea
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| creatinine, serum | test to determine the level of creatinine in the blood; useful in assessing kidney function
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| creatinine, urine | test to determine the level of creatinine in the urine
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| creatinine clearance testing | measurements of the level of creatinine in the blood and in a 24-hour urine specimen to determine the rate at which creatinine is “cleared” from the blood by the kidneys
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