notes part 1
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| The 4 parts of the cell theory | 1. building blocks of all plants and animals
2. all cells come from division of pervious cells
3. smallest unit that preforms vital functions
4. each cell maintains homeostasis on a cellular level
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| what is cytology? | study of cells and their functions
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| what are the two classes of cells? | somatic cells and sex cells
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| what are somatic cells? | (soma=body)
all cells except gametes
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| what are sex cells? | egg (oocytes) and sperm;
reproductive cells
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| what are the 4 functions of the cell membrane? | -physical isolation
-regulates exchange with environment
-monitors environment
-structural support
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| what are the 3 things contained within the cell membrane? | lipids, carbs, and functional proteins
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| what are the two things that make up the cell membrane? | hydrophilic heads
hydrophobic tails
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| how much of the membrane does the phospholipid bilayer make up? | 42%
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| how much of the membrane does the membrane proteins make up? | 55%
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| what are the two types of membrane proteins? | integral proteins and peripheral proteins
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| what are integral proteins? | parts of the cell membrane that CAN NOT be removed without damaging or destroying the structure
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| what are peripheral proteins? | parts of the cell membrane that are bound to the inside or outside and CAN easily be removed
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| what are the 6 functions of membrane proteins? | -anchoring (stabilizers)
-recognition (identifiers)
-enzymes (catalyze reactions)
-receptor proteins (ligands)
-carrier proteins (transports through membranes)
-channels (regulates water through mem.)
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| how much of the membrane does membrane carbohydrates take up? | 3%
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| what are membrane carbohydrates made of? | glycoproteins and glycolipids and proteoglycans
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| what forms the sticky sugar coat of the membrane? | glycocalyx
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| what are the four functions of membrane carbs? | -lubrications/protection
-anchoring/locomotion
-specify on binding (receptors)
-recognition (immune system)
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| what is cytoplasm? | material that fills the cell between the membrane and nucleus
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| what is cytosol? | fluid
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| what are organelles? | structures that preform specific activites within the cell
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| what is the meaning of the word organelle?" | "little organ"
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| what are the two types of organelles? | nonmembranous and membranous
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| what is a nonmembranous organelle? | it has no membrane and comes into contact with cytosol directly
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| what is a membranous organelle? | bound by a plasma membrane and does not come into contact with cytosol
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| what are the six nonmembranous organelles? | -cytoskeleton
-microvilli
-centrioles
-ribosomes
-proteasomes
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| what is the function of the cytoskeleton? | structural support
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| what are microfilaments? | thin- actin
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| what do microfilaments do? | extra support and interact with proteins; muscle movement
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| what are intermediate filaments? | collagen
-strengthen cell and stabilize organelles and position of the cell
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| what happens when thick filaments bind with microfilaments? | myosin forms for muscle movements
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| what are microtubules? | large hollow tubes of tubulin protein that attach to the centrosome and strengthen organelles; move things within cells (kinesin and dynein)and form the spindle apparatus
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| what do microvilli do? | increase surface area for absorption and attach to the cytoskeleton
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| what do centrioles do? | form spindle apparatus during cell division
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| what is a centrosome? | the cytoplasm around centrioles
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| what do cilia do? | move fluid across the cell membrane
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| what do ribosomes do? | make protein
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| what are the types of ribosomes? | free and fixed
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| what are free ribosomes? | freely moving in the cytoplasm
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| what are fixed ribosomes? | stuck to rough ER
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| what do proteasomes? | they break down protein; break down damaged things within cell
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| what are the 5 membranous organelles? | -ER
-Golgi apparatus
-lysosomes
-peroxisomes
-mitochondria
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| ER | network within the cytoplasm
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| what are the two types of ER? | smooth and rough
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| what does the rough ER do? | make proteins
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| what does smooth ER do? | make lipids and carbs
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| what are cisternae? | storage chambers within membranes
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| what are the functions of the ER? | make proteins, lipids and carbs. storage, transports, and detoxifications of drugs or toxins
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| what are the function of the SER? (smooth) | no ribosomes attached; makes lipids and carbs and steroid hormones, glycerides and glycogen
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| what are the function of the ER? (rough) | covered in ribosomes; protein and glyocgen synthesis, folds polypeptides into proteins and transport vesicles
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| where do particles enter in the Golgi body? | forming face
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| where do they exit? | maturing face
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| what are the three types of vesicles in the Golgi body? | secretory, membrane, lysosomes
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| what do secretory vesicles do? | modify and package products for exocytosis
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| what do membrane renewal vesicles do? | add or remove membrane components
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| what do lysosomes do? | carry enzymes to cytosol
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| what do transport vesicles do? | carry materials to and from the g.a.
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| what is exocytosis? | ejection secretory products of wastes
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| what is a lysosome? | powerful enzyme that contains vesicles
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| what are the two structures of lysosomes? | primary and secondary
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| what is a primary lysosome? | formed by g.a. and inactivates enzymes
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| what is a secondary lysosome? | one that is fused with an organelle; digestive enzymes activated and toxic chemicals isolated
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| what are the functions of lysosomes? | clean up the inside of a cell
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| what four things do lysosomes do to "clean up"? | -break down large molecules
-attack bacteria
-recycle damaged organelles
-eject waste
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| what is autolysis? | self destruction of damaged cells
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| what are peroxisomes? | enzyme containing vesicles
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| what is membrane flow? | continuous exchange of membrane parts by vesicles(all except mito.)
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| what are the three parts of the structure of the mitochondria? | smooth outer membrane, inner membrane (folds-cristae), and matrix(fluid)
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| what do mitochondria do? | takes chemical energy from food in the form of glucose and make ATP(ENERGY)
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| what occurs during aerobic cellular respiration? | mito. use oxygen to break down food and make ATP
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| what is glycolysis? | glucose to pyruvic acid (in cytosol)
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| what is the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle)? | generate carbon dioxide and ATP
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| primary function of the nucleus? | cell's control center
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| what are the structures within the nucleus? | -the nucleus
-nuclear envelope
-perinuclear space
-nuclear pores
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| what is DNA? | information to build and run organisms
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| what is nucleoplasm? | fluid containing ions, enzymes, nucleotide, and some RNA
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| what is nuclear matrix? | support filaments
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| nucleoli | related to protein production
-made of histones, rna, enzymes, and nucleotides
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| nucleosomes | DNA coiled around histones
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| chromatin | loosely coiled DNA (when cell is not dividing)
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| chromosomes | tightly coiled DNA (during cell division)
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| how many chromosomes are in somatic cells? | 46
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| how many chromosomes are in sex cells? | 23 from mom and 23 from dad; makes 23 pairs
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| DNA | instructions for proteins
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| genes | DNA instructions for a single protein
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| a sequence of bases (AT,CG) makes what? | a triplet
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| what is another name for triplet? | codon
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| 3 bases equal what? | 1 amino acid
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| transcription | copies dna to rna
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| translation | rna get codes from mRNA to make amino acids
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| all of steps in notes | notes better to study to learn steps
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