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AP1-Chapter 3
notes part 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The 4 parts of the cell theory | 1. building blocks of all plants and animals 2. all cells come from division of pervious cells 3. smallest unit that preforms vital functions 4. each cell maintains homeostasis on a cellular level |
| what is cytology? | study of cells and their functions |
| what are the two classes of cells? | somatic cells and sex cells |
| what are somatic cells? | (soma=body) all cells except gametes |
| what are sex cells? | egg (oocytes) and sperm; reproductive cells |
| what are the 4 functions of the cell membrane? | -physical isolation -regulates exchange with environment -monitors environment -structural support |
| what are the 3 things contained within the cell membrane? | lipids, carbs, and functional proteins |
| what are the two things that make up the cell membrane? | hydrophilic heads hydrophobic tails |
| how much of the membrane does the phospholipid bilayer make up? | 42% |
| how much of the membrane does the membrane proteins make up? | 55% |
| what are the two types of membrane proteins? | integral proteins and peripheral proteins |
| what are integral proteins? | parts of the cell membrane that CAN NOT be removed without damaging or destroying the structure |
| what are peripheral proteins? | parts of the cell membrane that are bound to the inside or outside and CAN easily be removed |
| what are the 6 functions of membrane proteins? | -anchoring (stabilizers) -recognition (identifiers) -enzymes (catalyze reactions) -receptor proteins (ligands) -carrier proteins (transports through membranes) -channels (regulates water through mem.) |
| how much of the membrane does membrane carbohydrates take up? | 3% |
| what are membrane carbohydrates made of? | glycoproteins and glycolipids and proteoglycans |
| what forms the sticky sugar coat of the membrane? | glycocalyx |
| what are the four functions of membrane carbs? | -lubrications/protection -anchoring/locomotion -specify on binding (receptors) -recognition (immune system) |
| what is cytoplasm? | material that fills the cell between the membrane and nucleus |
| what is cytosol? | fluid |
| what are organelles? | structures that preform specific activites within the cell |
| what is the meaning of the word organelle?" | "little organ" |
| what are the two types of organelles? | nonmembranous and membranous |
| what is a nonmembranous organelle? | it has no membrane and comes into contact with cytosol directly |
| what is a membranous organelle? | bound by a plasma membrane and does not come into contact with cytosol |
| what are the six nonmembranous organelles? | -cytoskeleton -microvilli -centrioles -ribosomes -proteasomes |
| what is the function of the cytoskeleton? | structural support |
| what are microfilaments? | thin- actin |
| what do microfilaments do? | extra support and interact with proteins; muscle movement |
| what are intermediate filaments? | collagen -strengthen cell and stabilize organelles and position of the cell |
| what happens when thick filaments bind with microfilaments? | myosin forms for muscle movements |
| what are microtubules? | large hollow tubes of tubulin protein that attach to the centrosome and strengthen organelles; move things within cells (kinesin and dynein)and form the spindle apparatus |
| what do microvilli do? | increase surface area for absorption and attach to the cytoskeleton |
| what do centrioles do? | form spindle apparatus during cell division |
| what is a centrosome? | the cytoplasm around centrioles |
| what do cilia do? | move fluid across the cell membrane |
| what do ribosomes do? | make protein |
| what are the types of ribosomes? | free and fixed |
| what are free ribosomes? | freely moving in the cytoplasm |
| what are fixed ribosomes? | stuck to rough ER |
| what do proteasomes? | they break down protein; break down damaged things within cell |
| what are the 5 membranous organelles? | -ER -Golgi apparatus -lysosomes -peroxisomes -mitochondria |
| ER | network within the cytoplasm |
| what are the two types of ER? | smooth and rough |
| what does the rough ER do? | make proteins |
| what does smooth ER do? | make lipids and carbs |
| what are cisternae? | storage chambers within membranes |
| what are the functions of the ER? | make proteins, lipids and carbs. storage, transports, and detoxifications of drugs or toxins |
| what are the function of the SER? (smooth) | no ribosomes attached; makes lipids and carbs and steroid hormones, glycerides and glycogen |
| what are the function of the ER? (rough) | covered in ribosomes; protein and glyocgen synthesis, folds polypeptides into proteins and transport vesicles |
| where do particles enter in the Golgi body? | forming face |
| where do they exit? | maturing face |
| what are the three types of vesicles in the Golgi body? | secretory, membrane, lysosomes |
| what do secretory vesicles do? | modify and package products for exocytosis |
| what do membrane renewal vesicles do? | add or remove membrane components |
| what do lysosomes do? | carry enzymes to cytosol |
| what do transport vesicles do? | carry materials to and from the g.a. |
| what is exocytosis? | ejection secretory products of wastes |
| what is a lysosome? | powerful enzyme that contains vesicles |
| what are the two structures of lysosomes? | primary and secondary |
| what is a primary lysosome? | formed by g.a. and inactivates enzymes |
| what is a secondary lysosome? | one that is fused with an organelle; digestive enzymes activated and toxic chemicals isolated |
| what are the functions of lysosomes? | clean up the inside of a cell |
| what four things do lysosomes do to "clean up"? | -break down large molecules -attack bacteria -recycle damaged organelles -eject waste |
| what is autolysis? | self destruction of damaged cells |
| what are peroxisomes? | enzyme containing vesicles |
| what is membrane flow? | continuous exchange of membrane parts by vesicles(all except mito.) |
| what are the three parts of the structure of the mitochondria? | smooth outer membrane, inner membrane (folds-cristae), and matrix(fluid) |
| what do mitochondria do? | takes chemical energy from food in the form of glucose and make ATP(ENERGY) |
| what occurs during aerobic cellular respiration? | mito. use oxygen to break down food and make ATP |
| what is glycolysis? | glucose to pyruvic acid (in cytosol) |
| what is the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle)? | generate carbon dioxide and ATP |
| primary function of the nucleus? | cell's control center |
| what are the structures within the nucleus? | -the nucleus -nuclear envelope -perinuclear space -nuclear pores |
| what is DNA? | information to build and run organisms |
| what is nucleoplasm? | fluid containing ions, enzymes, nucleotide, and some RNA |
| what is nuclear matrix? | support filaments |
| nucleoli | related to protein production -made of histones, rna, enzymes, and nucleotides |
| nucleosomes | DNA coiled around histones |
| chromatin | loosely coiled DNA (when cell is not dividing) |
| chromosomes | tightly coiled DNA (during cell division) |
| how many chromosomes are in somatic cells? | 46 |
| how many chromosomes are in sex cells? | 23 from mom and 23 from dad; makes 23 pairs |
| DNA | instructions for proteins |
| genes | DNA instructions for a single protein |
| a sequence of bases (AT,CG) makes what? | a triplet |
| what is another name for triplet? | codon |
| 3 bases equal what? | 1 amino acid |
| transcription | copies dna to rna |
| translation | rna get codes from mRNA to make amino acids |
| all of steps in notes | notes better to study to learn steps |
Created by:
Lacey1
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