Musculoskeletal system - Q – Anatomic Position & term of reference & A – Meaning
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| anatomic or anatomical position | a term of reference that health professionals use when noting body planes, positions, or directions: the person is assumed to be standing upright (erect), facing forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, with arms at the sides and palms facing for
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| body planes (Fig. 4-7) | reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts
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| coronal plane | vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
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| sagittal plane | vertical division of the body into right and left portions
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| transverse plane | horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
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| anterior (A) | front of the body
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| posterior (P) | back of the body
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| anterior-posterior (AP) | from front to back, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam
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| posterior-anterior (PA) | from back to front, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam
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| superior | situated above another structure, toward the head
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| inferior | situated below another structure, away from the head
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| proximal | toward the beginning or origin of a structure; for example, the proximal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area closest to where it attaches to the hip
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| distal | away from the beginning or origin of a structure; for example, the distal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area at the end of the bone near the knee
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| medial | toward the middle (midline)
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| axis | the imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part
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| erect | normal standing position
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| decubitus | lying down, especially in a bed; lateral decubitus is lying on the side (decumbo = to lie down)
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| prone | lying face down and flat
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| recumbent | lying down
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| supine (Fig. 4-8) | horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back (“on the spine”)
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| flexion | bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased
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| extension | straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased
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| abduction | movement away from the body
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| adduction | movement toward the body
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| rotation | circular movement around an axis
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| eversion | turning outward, i.e., of a foot
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| inversion | turning inward, i.e., of a foot
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| supination | turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) upward or forward
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| pronation | turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) downward or backward
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| dorsiflexion | bending of the foot or the toes upward
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| plantar flexion | bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
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| range of motion (ROM) | total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements (i.e., ability to flex, extend, abduct, or adduct); measured in degrees
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| goniometer (Fig. 4-10) | instrument used to measure joint angles (gonio = angle)
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