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023
Musculoskeletal system - Q – Anatomic Position & term of reference & A – Meaning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anatomic or anatomical position | a term of reference that health professionals use when noting body planes, positions, or directions: the person is assumed to be standing upright (erect), facing forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, with arms at the sides and palms facing for |
| body planes (Fig. 4-7) | reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts |
| coronal plane | vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions |
| sagittal plane | vertical division of the body into right and left portions |
| transverse plane | horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions |
| anterior (A) | front of the body |
| posterior (P) | back of the body |
| anterior-posterior (AP) | from front to back, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam |
| posterior-anterior (PA) | from back to front, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam |
| superior | situated above another structure, toward the head |
| inferior | situated below another structure, away from the head |
| proximal | toward the beginning or origin of a structure; for example, the proximal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area closest to where it attaches to the hip |
| distal | away from the beginning or origin of a structure; for example, the distal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area at the end of the bone near the knee |
| medial | toward the middle (midline) |
| axis | the imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part |
| erect | normal standing position |
| decubitus | lying down, especially in a bed; lateral decubitus is lying on the side (decumbo = to lie down) |
| prone | lying face down and flat |
| recumbent | lying down |
| supine (Fig. 4-8) | horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back (“on the spine”) |
| flexion | bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased |
| extension | straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased |
| abduction | movement away from the body |
| adduction | movement toward the body |
| rotation | circular movement around an axis |
| eversion | turning outward, i.e., of a foot |
| inversion | turning inward, i.e., of a foot |
| supination | turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) upward or forward |
| pronation | turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) downward or backward |
| dorsiflexion | bending of the foot or the toes upward |
| plantar flexion | bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground |
| range of motion (ROM) | total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements (i.e., ability to flex, extend, abduct, or adduct); measured in degrees |
| goniometer (Fig. 4-10) | instrument used to measure joint angles (gonio = angle) |
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MT student1
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