Chapter 2 Notes
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| What is chemistry? | the study of composition of substances and how they change
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| What kinds of chemicals are found in the human body? | salts, water, carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid
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| What is matter? | anything that has weight and takes up space
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| What forms of matter are there? | solids, liquids, and gases
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| What is an atom? | the smallest particle of matter
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| What is an electron? | an atom with a negative charge, no weight, and stays in constant motion around the nucleus
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| What is a proton? | an atom with a positive charge and is found in the nucleus
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| What is a neutron? | an uncharged atom that is found in the nucleus
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| What is an ion? | an atom charged by gaining or losing electrons
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| What is a molecule? | something formed by the union of 2 or more atoms
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| What is mass? | the amount of a substance not the weight
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| What is weight? | how heavy something is
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| What is all matter composed of? | elements
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| What is a compound? | pure and other elements combined together
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| What are bulk elements? | elements the body requires in large amounts and create more than 95% of the body
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| What are trace elements? | elements the body requires in small amounts
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| What is an enzyme? | a protein that regulates rates of chemical reactions
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| What is an ultratrace element? | an element that is toxic to the body in large amounts but required in tiny amounts
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| What is an example of an ultratrace element? | arsenic
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| What is a chemical bond? | attractions between atoms
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| What are the major or bulk elements that make up the human body? | Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Chlorine, Sodium, and Magnesium
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| What are the trace elements found in the human body? | Cobalt, Copper, Fluorine, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, and Zinc
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| What is in the center of an atom? | the nucleus and one or more electrons that constantly move around it
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| What is in the nucleus? | one or more protons and usually neutrons
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| What charge does the nucleus have? | positive
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| What is the atomic number? | the number of protons the element has
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| What is the atomic weight? | the number of protons plus the number of neutrons
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| What is an isotope? | atoms with the same atomic number (number of protons) but different atomic weights (number of neutrons) but are the same element
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| What determines the reactiveness of atoms? | electrons
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| What is a radioactive isotope? | an unstable isotope
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| What is the energy that radioactive isotopes emit? | atomic radiation
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| What are the three forms of radiation? | alpha, beta, and gamma
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| What do two or more atoms combine to form? | a molecule
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| What is short hand to depict the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule? | molecular formula
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| Electrons in an atom occupy one or more regions of space around the atom called the? | electron shell
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| In an element (atomic number 18 and under) how many electrons can the first shell hold? | 2
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| In an element (atomic number 18 and under) how many electrons can the second shell hold? | 8
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| In an element (atomic number 18 and under) how many electrons can the third shell hold? | 8
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| What determines how atoms react with other atoms? | the number of electrons in the outer shell
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| What are atoms that gain or lose electrons? | ions
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| What is a positive ion called? | cation
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| What is a negative ion called? | anion
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| What is an ionic bond? | a bond made by atoms gaining or losing electrons
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| What is a covalent bond? | a bond mady by atoms sharing electrons
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| What is a polar molecule? | a covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally
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| What type of bond is water? | polar covalent
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| What is a hydrogen bond? | the attraction of the positive H to the negative N or O
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| Are hydrogen bonds weak or strong? | weak
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| What is a reactant? | the starting materials changed by a chemical reaction
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| What is a product? | the atoms, ions, or molecules formed by a chemical reaction
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| What is a synthesis? | when a chemical reaction occurs and 2 or more atoms bond (A+B=AB)
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| What is a decomposition? | when a chemical reaction occurs and the reactants break down into simpler forms (AB=A+B)
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| What is an exchange? | when parts of two different molecules trade places in a chemical reaction (AB+CD=AD+CB)
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| What is a reversible reaction? | when the products can change back into the reactants (A+B<>AB)
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| What is a catalyst? | molecules that influence the rates of chemical reactions
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| What is an acid? | substance that releases hydrogen ions
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| What is base? | substance that realeases ions that can combine with hydrogen
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| What is a salt? | substance formed by the reaction of acids and bases
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| What is the pH scale? | used to measure acidity/basicity
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| pH levels are how far apart? | 10ths. (pH 5 is 100 times more acidic than pH 7)
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| What is the normal pH of blood? | 7.35-7.45
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| What is alkalosis? | pH of 7.5-7.8 (pt will feel dizzy and agitated)
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| What is acidosis? | pH of 7.0-7.3 (pt will feel fatigue)
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| What is a buffer? | a chemical that resists pH change
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| What two categories are all chemicals broken down into? | organic and inorganic
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| What is an organic chemical? | any chemical containing carbon and hydrogen
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| What is an inorganic chemical? | any chemical not an organic chemical
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| Describe the properties of an organic chemical. | long chains or ring structures due to carbon's ability to form 4 covalent bonds
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| Describe the properties of an inorganic chemical. | dissolvable in water and form ions therefore, they are electrolytes
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| What are the common inorganic chemicals? | water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and inorganic salts
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| What are the common organic chemicals? | carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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