Chp 13/Nervous system/dr brulte/martini
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| True or False;Portions of the brain can rework their electrical connections as new 411 arrives (ex of learning) | true
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| Name FX of Nervous sytem | 1. control & adjust control of other organ systems 2. use chemical communication with tissues and organs 3. provides swift but short lived responses to stimuli
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| What are the 2 subdivisions of the Nervous System (neural tissue)? | 1. CNS (central nervous system) 2. PNS (peripheral nervous system)
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| What do the CNS consist of? | brain and spinal cord
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| During embroyonic development of CNS, the CNS begins as a mass of neural tissue organized as a __ __ | hollow tube
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| AS CNS DEVELOPMENT CONTINUES,WHAT HAPPENS TO CENTRAL CAVITY? | CENTRAL CAVITY DECREASES IN SIZE BUT THICKNESS OF WALLS & DIAMETER OF ENCLOSED SPACE CAN VARY
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| The ___ __ or narrow central cavity found within the spinal cord | central canal
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| What are ventricles in the brain? | expanded chambers,continuous with the central canal
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| What is the fluid that surrounds CNS by filling the central canal and ventricles | CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
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| What is the 2nd anatomical division of the Nervous sytem,besides the CNS? | PNS (peripheral nervous system);includes all neural tissue outside CNS (brain and spinal cord)
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| What are the main FX of PNS? | 1. PNS provides sensory 411 to the brain 2. carries motor commands from the brain to peripheral tissues
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| What are the 2 subdivisions of PNS? | 1. afferent (brings sensory info to CNS) 2. Efferent (carries motor commands to muscles/glands)
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| Where do the Afferent divison begin? | receptors that moniter specific charateristics in the environment
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| Name 3 examples of receptors | 1. dendrite (sensory process of neuron) 2. specialized cell or cluster of cells 3. complex sense organ like the eye
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| What does the stimulation of a receptor provide the CNS? | sensory 411 carried to CNS
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| Where does the Efferent divsion of PNS begin? | begins inside CNS (brain)
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| Where does the Efferent division of PNS end? | ends at the Effector (muscle cell,gland cell,or other specialized cell
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| Both CNS (brain) & PNS carry somatic and ___ components | visceral
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| The ___ division of the PNS carries 411 from somatic sensory receptors | Afferent (sensory info going to the brain)
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| What do somatic sensory receptors of afferent division do? | moniter skeletal muscle,joints,and the skin
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| The ____ division also delivers 411 from eyes and ears | afferent (sensory 411 to brain)
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| The efferent division of the PNS are made up of ____ and _____ nervous system | Somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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| What does the SNS (somatic nervous system) do? | 411 from the brain to PNS to contract muscles
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| What does the ANS (autonomic nervous system) do? | 411 from the brain to PNS which regulates smooth muscle tissue,cardiac tissue,and glandular activity
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| What is the ANS also known as? | visceral motor system of the efferent system of PNS and CNS (brain)
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| Somatic nervous system (SNS) can be ___ or ___ | voluntary (direct control) or involuntary
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| Name the 2 cell types that make up neural tissue | 1. nerve cells or neurons 2. supporting cells or Neuroglia (glial cells)
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| ___ are responsible form the transfer & processing of 411 in the nervous system | Neurons
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| What is a cell body? | soma
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| What is the region around the cell nucleus of the neuron? | perikaryon
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| What is the FX of the dendritic spines or branches of the neuron in the CNS (brain)? | receives 411 from other neurons
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| Dendritic spines of the branches from the neuron makes up about ___ % of the total surface area | 80-90%
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| Name the 2 cell types that make up neural tissue | 1. nerve cells or neurons 2. supporting cells or Neuroglia (glial cells)
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| What happens at the synaptic terminals? | neuron communicates with each other
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| In the neuron,where are the organelles found for energy production and biosynthesis of organic molec like enzymes? | soma (body)
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| ___ are responsible form the transfer & processing of 411 in the nervous system | Neurons
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| What is a cell body? | soma
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| What is the region around the cell nucleus of the neuron? | perikaryon
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| What is the FX of the dendritic spines or branches of the neuron in the CNS (brain)? | receives 411 from other neurons
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| Dendritic spines of the branches from the neuron makes up about ___ % of the total surface area | 80-90%
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| What is the cell body attached to? | elongated axon that ends with one or more synaptic terminals
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| What happens at the synaptic terminals? | neuron communicates with each other
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| In the neuron,where are the organelles found for energy production and biosynthesis of organic molec like enzymes? | soma (body)
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| What is the FX of neuroglia? | isolate the neurons; provide a supporting framework; maintain intercellular environment; phagocytes
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| Supporting cells or glial cells are roughly ___ times the number of neurons | five times; or half of the vol of nervous system
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| What are the diffs of glial cells compared to neurons? | glial: smaller and can divide ; neurons lose ability to divide
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| What are organizational diffs of neural tissue of CNS to PNS due to? | diffs in glial cell populations
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| What are the 4 types of glial cells in the CNS? | 1. Ependymal 2. astrocytes 3. microglia 4. oligodendrocytes
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| The ___ are the largest and most numerous glial cells in the CNS | astrocytes
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| The processes of astrocytes contact the neuron cell bodies,axons, and _____ walls | capillary
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| What is the functional unit of the nervous system? | neurons
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| _____ neurons typically have a long dendrite and short axon, and carry messages from sensory receptors to the central nervous system. | sensory
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| ___ neurons have a long axon and short dendrites and transmit messages from the central nervous system to the muscles (or to glands). | Motor
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| ___ are found only in the central nervous system where they connect neuron to neuron. | Interneurons
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| myelin sheath formed from the plasma membranes of specialized glial cells known as ____ | Schwann cells
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| The gap between Schwann cells is known as the ___ __ ___, and serves as points along the neuron for generating a signal. | Node of Ranvier
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| ___ act both to shield neurons from direct contact with other neurons and to limit exposure to interstitial fluid | Astrocytes
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| Nasme 5 FX of Astrocytes in the CNS | 1. maintain blood-brain barrier 2. create three-dimensional framework for CNS 3. repair damaged neurons 4. guide neuron development 5. rapid transit system for interstitial environment
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| Why should neural tissue be physically and biochemically isolated from general circulation? | hormones or other chemicals can have adverse or disruptive effects on neuron FX
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| Which area on CNS is responsible for the blood-brain barrier? | endolethial cells lining CNS capillarieis
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| What do CNS endolethial capillaries have to control chemical exchange between blood and interstitial fluid? | very restricted permeability traits
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| How do astrocytes maintain blood-brain barrier (BBB)? | 1. Astrocytes secrete chemicals 2. end of slender cytoplasmic extensions of astrocytes ends in "feet" that wrap around capillaries 3. feet wrap around capillaries of the CNS interrupted only when other glial cells contact cap. walls
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| What do astrocytes have to provide mechanical strength to form strucural framework of brain and spinal cord? | astrocytes packed with microfilaments that extend across breadth of the cell
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| How do astrocytes repair injured neurons? | stabilize the injured tissueand prevent further damage by producing scar tissue at injury site
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| How are astrocytes involved in early development of neurons? | direct interconnection and growth of early neurons by secreting neutropic factors
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| How do astrocytes control interstitial environment? | provide rapid transit between capillaries and neurons to transport ions,nutrients,dissolved gases; absord and recycle neurotransmitters released at synaptic terminals
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| How are oligodendrosytes diff/similar to astrocytes in CNS? | Diff: 1. smaller cell bodies & fewer processes Similarities: 1. both posses slender sytoplasmic feet
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| Name 3 FX of oligodendrocytes when in contact to axons or or cell bodies of neurons: | 1. tie clusters of axons 2. regulate extracellular ion concent 3. improve functional performance by wrapping axons in myelin (insulating )
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| What are the FX of oligodendrocytes at cell bodies? | not determined yet
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| What makes up the myelin sheath covering by the tip of the oligodendrocytes on axons? | phospholipids makes up membranous coating
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| What is the FX of the myelin sheath on axons? | increase the speed of nerve impulse or action potential
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| The large areas of myelinated sheath along axons are called ___ | internodes
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| small gaps or ___ of __ exist between the myelin sheath produced by adjacent oligodendrocytes. | nodes of ranvier
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| When dissected what color are the myelin sheath and why? | glossy white due to lipids; called white matter of the CNS
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| What are the unmyelinated axons called? | gray matter due to dusky color
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| What is the smallest glial cells in CNS? | microglia
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| How did microglia or the "roving security force" evolve? | appeared early in embroyonic develop. through division of mesodermal stem cells...microglia migrate into CNS and stay there
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| How do microglia look? | smallest glial cells with slender processes of many fine branches
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| The stem cells that produce microglia are related to those that produce ___ and ___ of the blood. | Monocytes & macrophage
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| What is the FX of microglia? | engulf cellular debris,waste products,and pathogens
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| What is the cellular layer that lines the ventricles of the brain and spinal cord ? | ependyma
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| What are the ventricles or chambers of CNS filled with? | cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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| What is the FX of the CSF? | protective cushioning and transports dissolved gases,nutrients,wastes,and other materials
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| What is the shape of ependymal cells? | cuboidal to columnar
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| How are ependymal cells unlike regular epithelial cells | ependymal cells have slender processes that branch extensively and make direct contact with glial cells
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| What does the experimental evidence indicate of ependymal's role? | they act as receptors that moniter CSF;in early developement and childhood,free ependymal cells are lined with cilia;
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| Within the ventricles what role do specialized ependymal cells have? | secretion of CSF
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| Cilliated ependymal cells in the adult may assist in ____ | circulation of CSF
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| How are neuron cell bodies in the PNS organized? | clustered together and wrapped in CT to form peripheral nerves or nerves.
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| All neuron cell bodies and axon in the PNS are insulated by what? | processes of glial cells
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| What are the 2 glial cells in the PNS? | 1. satellite cells 2. Schwann cells
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| Amphicytes or ____ cells surround neuron cell bodies in PNS | satellite
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| What is the FX of satellite cells in PNS? | regulate exchange of nutrients and waste products between neuron cell bodies and the extracellular fluid; help isolate PNS neuron from stimuli other than those at the synapses
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| Every peripheral axon,whether it is myelinated or not, is covered by ___ cells or neurolemmocytes | Schwann
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| The cell membrane or of an axon in the PNS is called ___ | axolemma; lemma = husk
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| The neurilemma is the cytoplasmic covering provided by the ___ cell. | schwann
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| How does a Schwann cell in PNS differ from Oligodendrocyte of CNS? | Schwann cell: can only meyelinate 1 mm along axonOligodendrocyte in CNS can myelinate portions of several axons
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| Myelianted axons in both CNS and PNS both have ___ and ___. | nodes and internodes
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| The presence of myelinated axons in both CNS and PNS increases the rate of __ __ | nerve impulse or action potential
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| Unmyelinated axons or gray matter in the PNS are enclosed by ___ cells but no myelin forms | Schwann
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| A single Schwann cell can surround several diff ___ axons | unmyelinated
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| The neuron has a large,round nucleus with prominent nucleolus. (True or False) | True
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| What is the name of the neuron's surrounding cytoplasm? | perikaryon; karyon = nucleus
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| The cytoskeleton of the perikaryon (cytoplasm) contains __ and ___. | neurofilaments & neurotubules
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| Bundles of neurofilaments,called ___, are part of the cytoskeleton but extend into the axon and dendrites. | neurofibrils
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| Which part of the neuron contains the organelles that provide energy and perform biosynthetic activities. | perikaryon (cytopolasm)
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| The cytoskeleton of the perikaryon (cytoplasm) contains __ and ___. | neurofilaments & neurotubules
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| Bundles of neurofilaments,called ___, are part of the cytoskeleton but extend into the axon and dendrites. | neurofibrils
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| Which part of the neuron contains the organelles that provide energy and perform biosynthetic activities. | perikaryon (cytopolasm)
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| What gives the perikaryon a a coarse,grainy look? | numerous mitochondria,free and fixed ribosomes,RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum
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| Waht is the name of the ribosomal clusters that accounts for the gray color of the areas with neuron cell bodies? | Nissl bodies
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| why can't neurons divide? | lack of centrosomes complex; lose centrioles as they specialize;cannot divide
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| What happens to these specialized neuron cells that get injured? | cannot be replaced;
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| Name one primary FX of the Glial cells (neuroglia) | limit number or types of stimulus affecting individual neurons
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| Besides the cell bodies and dendrites,where do glial cells not cover? | synaptic terminals or where dendrites FX as sendory receptors
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| Can exposure to appropriate stimuli cause an action potential (localized change in the transmembrane potential)? | yes
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| What is a transmembrane potential? | property resulting from unequal distribution of ions across cell membrane
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| What is an axon (nerve fiber)? | long cytoplasmic process capable of propagating an action potential
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| Where is an axon hillock found? | multipolar neuron found in CNS;responsible for sending motor commands down to PNS
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| What is the FX of the axon hillock? | connect initial (start of) axon to soma
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| What does the axoplasm or cytoplasm of axon contain? | neurofibrils(bundles of neurofilaments);neurotubules (cytoskeleton);small vesicles;lysosomes,mictochond;various enzymes
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| An axon may produce side brances called ___ | collaterals
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| What do the main truck of axon or any collaterals end in? | fine terminal extensions (telodendria)
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| The ending branches of axon (telodendria) then end in what? | synaptic terminal
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| What is the FX of a synaptic terminal? | where one neuron chemically communicates with another neuron or effector
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| What is axoplasmic transport? | movement of organelles,nutrients,wastes,synthesized molec between cell body & synaptic terminal.
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| What is a synapse? | specialized site where the neuron communicates with another neuron; synaptic terminal is part of it
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| What are the types of diff synaptic terminals based on the post synaptic cell? | Neuron to neuron = synaptic knob Neuron to muscle = NMJ (neuromuscular junction)
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| Synaptic communication involves the release of specific chemicals or ____ | neurotransmitters
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| What is another name for synaptic knob (neuron to neuron synapse) | terminal bouton
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| What triggers the release of neurotransmitters? | arrival of nerve impulse
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| Name 2 classifications of neurons | 1. structure 2. shape
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| What is the structural classification based on? | number of processes that project from the cell body
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| Name the 4 structures of Neurons: | "Ana is Bipolar and must see Multiple Physicians"Ana= Anaxonic Bipolar= Bipolarmultiple= mutipolarphysicians= pseudounipolar
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| Which type of structural neuron is small,found in CNS and special sense organs;no anatomical clues to ID dendrites from axon | Anaxonic
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| ___ neurons have a number of fine dendrites that fuse together to form one;rare;unmyelinated axons;relay sensory info;cell body in the middle | Bipolar
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| What is the structural classification based on? | number of processes that project from the cell body
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| Name the 4 structures of Neurons: | "Ana is Bipolar and must see Multiple Physicians"Ana= Anaxonic Bipolar= Bipolarmultiple= mutipolarphysicians= pseudounipolar
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| Which type of structural neuron is small,found in CNS and special sense organs;no anatomical clues to ID dendrites from axon | Anaxonic
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| ___ neurons have a number of fine dendrites that fuse together to form one;rare;unmyelinated axons;relay sensory info;cell body in the middle | Bipolar
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