notes
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on it to display the answer.
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| what is anatomy? | study of bodily structures and their relationships among the body parts. (the actual thing)
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| what are the 3 types of anatomy? | 1. gross/macroscopic-LARGE
2. microscopic-VERY SMALL
3. developmental
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| what is physiology? | study of how living organisms preform their vital functions. (function)
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| gross anatomy: surface | study of general form and superficial markings
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| gross anatomy: regional | focuses on organization of specific areas of the body (ex. arm and leg)
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| gross anatomy: systematic | study of the structure of organ systems or group or groups of organs that function together in a conditional manner
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| gross anatomy: developmental | describes the changes that occur between conception and physical maturity
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| gross anatomy: clinical | includes a number of subspecialties important in the clinical practice (pathological, radiographic, and surgical)
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| microscopic anatomy: cytology | analysis of the internal structures of an individual cell; or the study of cells
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| microscopic anatomy: histology | examination/study of tissues
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| developmental anatomy | traces structural changes throughout life
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| what is embryology? | study of structural changes and processes that occur during THE FIRST TWO MONTHS OF DEVELOPMENT
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| physiology: cell | study or function of cells
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| physiology: organ | study of the physiology of specific organs
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| physiology: systematic | includes all aspects of the functioning of specific organ systems
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| physiology: pathological | study of the effects of diseases on organ or organ system function
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| principle of complementarity | anatomical structure that usually reflects the function. (FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION)
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| levels of structural organization: chemical | atoms combine to form molecules
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| levels of structural organization: cellular | molecules can interact to form various types of organelles, each with their own functions
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| levels of structural organization: tissue | group of cells working together to preform one or more specific functions
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| levels of structural organization: organ | made up of two or more tissues working in combination to preform several functions
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| levels of structural organization: organ system | consists of different organs that interact and work closely together
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| levels of structural organization: organismal | highest level of organization; made up of organ systems combined
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| organ systems: integumentary | -largest system; covers the body
- composed of hair, skin, nails, sweat and oil glands
-protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D
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| organ systems: skeletal | -composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments
-protects and supports body
-framework for muscles
-blood cell formation
-stores minerals
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| organ systems: muscular | -composed of muscle and tendons
-allows manipulation, motion, and facial expressions
-maintains posture
-produces heat
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| organ systems: nervous | -brain, spinal cord, and nerves (CNS)
-fast-acting control system of the body
-responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands
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| organ systems: endocrine | -pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, suprarenal glands, and gonads
-directs long-term changes in bodily functions
-adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body
-controls many changes during development
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| organ systems: cardiovascular | -heart, blood, and vessels
-heart pumps blood
-vessels disperse throughout body
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| organ systems: lymphatic | -bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and tonsils
-picks up fluid leaking from blood vessels and returns to blood
-gets rid of waste on lymphatic stream
-houses white blood cells (immunity)
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| organ systems: respiratory | -nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
-keeps blood supplies with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
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| organ systems: digestive | -oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, both intestines, rectum, anus, and liver
-breaks down food into absorbable units
-eliminates indigestible food as feces
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| organ systems: urinary | -kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
-eliminates waste
-regulates water, electrolytes, and pH balance of blood
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| organ system: male reproductive | -prostate, penis, testicles, scrotum, and ductus deferens
-produces offspring
-testes make sperm and male sex hormones
-ducts and glands deliver sperm to female reproductive tract
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| organ system: female reproductive | -mammary glands, ovaries, vagina, uterine tubes and uterus
-reproduction
-ovary produces egg and female sex hormones
-other part used for fertilization and housing developing fetus
-mammary glands produce milk to nourish baby
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| organ interrrelationships | basically, systems work together to preform tasks and maintain homeostasis
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| what is homeostasis? | stable internal environment; a balance
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| what are the two types of homeostasis? | -intrinsic regulation
-extrinsic regulation
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| what is intrinsic regulation? | when a cell, tissus, organ, organ system adjusts itself to Automatically respond to change
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| what is extrinsic regulation? | when nervous or endocrine system must adjust activities...if auto doesn't work it kicks in to help
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| what are the three regulatory mechanisms of homeostasis? | receptor, control center, and effector
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| what is a receptor? | sensor that receives the stimulus
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| what is a control center? | receives and processes the stimulus and sends out commands
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| what is the body's control center? | the brain
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| what is an effector? | cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and either enhances or opposes the stimulus
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| what is negative feedback? | provides long term control over conditions and systems
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| what is the primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation? | negative feedback
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| what is an example of homeostatic regulation =? | thermoregulation
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| what is the less common form of homeostatic regulation? | positive feedback
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| what is positive feedback? | where the initial stimulus produces a response the exaggerates the change in original conditions rather than opposing it
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| sectional anatomy: cephalon | head
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| sectional anatomy: cervicis | neck
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| sectional anatomy: thoracis | thorax or chest
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| sectional anatomy: antebrachium | lower arm; forearm
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| sectional anatomy: carpus | wrist
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| sectional anatomy: manus | hand
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| sectional anatomy: abdomen | abdominal region
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| sectional anatomy: lumbus | lion
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| sectional anatomy: gluteus | buttock
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| sectional anatomy: pelvis | pelvic area
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| sectional anatomy: pubis | anterior pelvis
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| sectional anatomy: inguen | groin
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| sectional anatomy: femur | thigh
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| sectional anatomy: crus | anterior leg
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| sectional anatomy: sura | calf
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| sectional anatomy: tarsus | ankle
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| sectional anatomy: pes | foot
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| sectional anatomy: planta | sole of foot
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| anatomical position/directions: proximal | toward the point
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| anatomical position/directions: distal | away from the point
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| anatomical position/directions: medial | towards the midline
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| anatomical position/directions: lateral | out from the midline
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| anatomical position/directions: cranial or cephalic | toward the head
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| anatomical position/directions: anterior/ventral | the front
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| anatomical position/directions: posterior/dorsal | the back
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| anatomical position/directions: caudal | toward the tail; coccyx in humans
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| anatomical position/directions: superficial | toward the body surface
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| anatomical position/directions: deep | toward the interior of the body
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| cuts: midsagital | down the middle
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| cuts: parasagital | up and down but not exactly in middle
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| cuts: transverse | horizontal
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| cuts: frontal(coronal) | cut into front and back
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| body cavities: pleural | lungs
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| body cavaties: mediastinal | heart
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| signs | can be measured or observed
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| symptom | can not be observed (ex. pain on a scale of 1-10)
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