Chapt 3 Cells
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| Active Transport | Process that uses metabolic energy to move a substance across a cell membrane, usually against the concentration gradient
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| Anaphase | Stage in mitosis when duplicate chromosomes move to opposite poles of cell
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| Cell membrane | Selectively permeable outer boundary of a cell consisting of a phospolipid bilayer embedded with proteins; plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane
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| Centriole | Cellular organelle built of microtubules that organize mitotic spindle
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| Centromere | Portion of chromosome to which spindle fibers attach during mitosis
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| Centrosome | Cellular organelle consisting of two centrioles
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| Chromatid | One-half of a replicated chromosome or a single unreplicated chromosome
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| Chromatin | DNA and complexed protein that condenses to form chromosomes during mitosis
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| Chromosome | Rodlike structure that condenses from chromatin in a cell's nucleus during mitosis
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| Cilia | Microscopic, hairlike processes on exposed surfaces of certain epithelial cells
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| Cytoplasm | Contents of a cell, excluding the nucleus and cell membrane
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| Differentiation | Cell specialization due to differential gene expression
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| Diffusion | Random movement of molecules from region of higher concentration toward one of lower concentration
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| Endocytosis | Process by which a cell membrane envelops a substance and draws it into the cell in a vesicle
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Organelle composed of a system of connected membranous tubules and vesicles along which protein is synthesized
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| Exocytosis | Transport of substances out of a cell in vesicles
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| Facilitated diffusion | Diffusion in which carrier molecules transport substances across membranes from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
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| Filtration | Movement of material across a membrane as a result of hydrostatic pressure
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| Golgi Apparatus | An organelles that prepares cellular products for secretion
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| Hyperplasia | Increased production and growth of new cells
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| Hypertonic | Describes a solution containing a greater concentration of dissolved particles than the solution with which it is compared
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| Insulin | Hormone that pancreatic islets of Langerhans secrete to control carbohydrate metabolism
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| Interphase | Period between two cell divisions when a cell is carrying on its normal functions and prepares for division
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| Isotonic | Describes a solution with the same concentration of dissolved particles as the solution with which it is compared
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| Leukocyte | white blood cell
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| Lysosome | Organelle that contains digestive enzymes
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| Meiosis | Cell division that halves the genetic material, resulting in egg and sperm cells
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| Metaphase | Stage in mitosis when chromosomes align in the middle of the cell
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| Microfilament | Tiny rod of actin protein in cytoplasm that provides structural support and movement
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| Microtubule | Minute, hollow rod of the protein tubulin
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| Mitochondria | Organelle housing enzymes that catalyze reactions of aerobic respiration
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| Mitosis | Division of a somatic cell to form two genetically identical cells
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| Myofibril | Contractile fibers within muscle cells
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| Nucleolus | Small structure within cell nucleus that contains RNA and proteins
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| Nucleus | Cellular organelle enclosed by double-layered, porous membrane and containing DNA; dense core of atom composed of protons and neutrons
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| Osmosis | Diffusion of water through selectively permeable membrane in response to concentration gradient
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| Osmotic Pressure | Amount of pressure required to stop osmosis; a sloution's potential pressure caused by nondiffusible solute particles in the solution
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| Phagocytosis | Process by which a cell engulfs and digests solid substances
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| Pinocytosis | Process by which a cell engulfs droplets from its surroundings
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| prenatal | before birth
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| prophase | the stage of mitosis when chromosomes become visible
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| Ribosome | organelle composed of RNA and protein that is a structural support for protein synthesis
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| Selectively permeable | Describes membrane that allows some molecules through but not others; semipermeable
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| Telophase | Stage in mitosis when newly formed cells separate
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| Vesicle | Membranous cytoplasmic sac formed by infolding of cell membrane
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| The body consists of ___ trillion cells | 75
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| Cells are common but vary in ___ and ____ | structure and function
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| Different functions of a cell are made possible by.... | 3D form
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| Regulates the movement of substance in and out of cells and helps cells adhere to other cells | Cell membrane
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| When cells adhere to other cells,they form ___ | tissue
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| Cytoplasm consists of a clear liquid called ____ | cytosol
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| Cytoplasm has a framework called a _______ ______ | phospholipid bilayer
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| Functions in the synthesis and transport of molecules | Endoplasmic Reticulum
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| Rough ER has ____ that make protein | ribosomes
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| Smooth ER functions are to... | synthesize lipids and aid in absorption
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| Produce protein and RNA | Ribosomes
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| Packages cell products for safe transport | Golgi apparatus
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| Sites of chemical reactions...captures and stores energy as ATP needed for aerobic respiration | Mitochondria
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| Contain enzymes to break up old cell components and bacteria | Lysosome
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| Particle distribution from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration to become evenly distributed | Diffusion
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| Water is the substance that moves | osmosis
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| Uses membrane proteins called transport proteins to move molecules across the cell membrane | Facilitated Diffusion
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| A solution with the same osmotic pressure as body fluids is isotonic (higher osmotic pressure is called hypertonic and lower osmotic pressure is called hypotonic) | Tonicity
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| Tissue fluid forms when water is forced out of the thin porous walls of blood capillaries, but blood stays in | Edema
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| Is the process by which cells develop into different types of cells with specialized functions | Differentiation
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| Control differentiation | progenitor cells
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| The death of a cell that is a normal part of the development | apoptosis
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| Provide energy for cellular activities and are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen | Carbohydrates
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| Carbohydrates are made from ______ and ______ | monosaccharides and disaccharides
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| Monosaccharides | simple sugers
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| Disaccharides | two monosaccharides joined together
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| Complex Carbohydrates | (polysaccharides) built of many sugars (Ex: starch)
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| Humans synthesize the polysaccharide _______ | glycogen
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| Organic substances that include fats, phospholipids, and steroids | Lipids
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| Supply energy for cellular function | fats
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| Fats are built from _______ and three ____________ | glycerol / fatty acids
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| Fatty acids with hydrogen at every position along the carbon chain are _________ | saturated
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| Fatty acids with one or more double bonds are called __________ ____ | unsaturated fats
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| Contains glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group, and are important in cell structures | phospholipid
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| complex ring structures and include cholesterol which is used to synthesize the sex hormones | Steroids
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| Have a great variety of functions in the body (structural materials, energy sources, certain hormones, receptors on cell membranes, antibodies) | proteins
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| Proteins contain the elements... | Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen atoms
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| Building blocks of proteins are the _____ ____ | amino acids
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| Proteins have complex shapes held together by _____ _____ | hydrogen bonds
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| Why didn't the skeleton go to the party? | He had no body to go with!
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| Protein shapes determine how proteins _____ | function
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| Protein shapes can be altered (denatured) by __, _______, ________, or __________ | PH / temperature / radiation / chemicals
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| Why was the scarecrow given an award? | Because he was outstanding in his field!
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| Form genes and take part in protein synthesis | Nucleic acids
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| Nucleic acids contain...___, ____, ____, ____, and ____ | carbon / hydrogen / oxygen / nitrogen / and phosporus
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| Building blocks of nucleic acids | nucleotides
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| Each nucleotide consists of a... | 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and one of many nitrogen bases
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| Two major types of nucleic acid | DNA and RNA
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| Functions in protein synthesis | RNA
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| Store the molecular code in genes | DNA
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| Oh my gosh this is taking forever. | Why do we have so many notessss
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| Deals with the structure of the body and its parts | Anatomy
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| Studies the functions of these parts | Physiology
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| Levels of organization | atom --> molecule --> organelle --> cell --> tissue --> organ --> organ systems --> organism
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| 10 characteristics of life | movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion
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| Life depends on the availability of... | Water, food, oxygen, heat, and pressure
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| Maintenance of a stable internal environment | homeostasis
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| Receptors, effectors, and a set point | Control systems meant to help regulate homeostasis
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| Integumentary system | (Skin, hair, nails) Protects underlying tissues, regulates, body temp, senses changes, synthesizes certain products
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| Skeletal system | (Bone and ligaments) framework, stability for limbs, houses blood-forming tissues, stores inorganic salts
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| Muscular system | (muscles) posture, movement, body heat
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| Nervous system | (Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs) Integrates info and sends impulses
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| Endocrine system | (Hormones, secreting glands) Integrate metabolic functions
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| Digestive systen | (Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs) Receives, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients
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| Respiratory system | (lungs and passageways) Exchanges gases between blood and air
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| Circulatory system | (heart and blood vessels) distributes oxygen and nutrients, removes wastes
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| Lymphatic system | (lymphatic vessels, nodes, thymus, and spleen) drains excess tissue fluid, cells of immunity
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| Urinary system | (Kidney, ureters, bladder, and urethra) removes wasted from the blood and maintains water and electrolyte balance
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| Reproductive system | (all the sexy organs and junk) used to manufacture little humans
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| A body part is above another part | Superior
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| Opposite of superior. A body part is below another part | Inferior
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| Means the same as ventral in humans. Towards the front | Anterior
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| Means the same as dorsal in humans. Towards the back | Posterior
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| Towards the middle | Medial
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| Towards the side | Lateral
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| Is in reference to another part. It means closer to the point of origin. | Proximal
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| It means farther from the point of origin | Distal
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| Situated near to the surface | Superficial
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| Situated away from the surface | Deep
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| Divides the body into left and right portions | Sagittal
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| Centrally divides the body into left and right portions | Midsagittal
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| Divides the body into superior and inferior portions (Horizontal) | Transverse
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| divides the body into anterior and posterior | Frontal or coronal
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