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Chapt1-3 study stack
Chapt 3 Cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Active Transport | Process that uses metabolic energy to move a substance across a cell membrane, usually against the concentration gradient |
| Anaphase | Stage in mitosis when duplicate chromosomes move to opposite poles of cell |
| Cell membrane | Selectively permeable outer boundary of a cell consisting of a phospolipid bilayer embedded with proteins; plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane |
| Centriole | Cellular organelle built of microtubules that organize mitotic spindle |
| Centromere | Portion of chromosome to which spindle fibers attach during mitosis |
| Centrosome | Cellular organelle consisting of two centrioles |
| Chromatid | One-half of a replicated chromosome or a single unreplicated chromosome |
| Chromatin | DNA and complexed protein that condenses to form chromosomes during mitosis |
| Chromosome | Rodlike structure that condenses from chromatin in a cell's nucleus during mitosis |
| Cilia | Microscopic, hairlike processes on exposed surfaces of certain epithelial cells |
| Cytoplasm | Contents of a cell, excluding the nucleus and cell membrane |
| Differentiation | Cell specialization due to differential gene expression |
| Diffusion | Random movement of molecules from region of higher concentration toward one of lower concentration |
| Endocytosis | Process by which a cell membrane envelops a substance and draws it into the cell in a vesicle |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Organelle composed of a system of connected membranous tubules and vesicles along which protein is synthesized |
| Exocytosis | Transport of substances out of a cell in vesicles |
| Facilitated diffusion | Diffusion in which carrier molecules transport substances across membranes from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration |
| Filtration | Movement of material across a membrane as a result of hydrostatic pressure |
| Golgi Apparatus | An organelles that prepares cellular products for secretion |
| Hyperplasia | Increased production and growth of new cells |
| Hypertonic | Describes a solution containing a greater concentration of dissolved particles than the solution with which it is compared |
| Insulin | Hormone that pancreatic islets of Langerhans secrete to control carbohydrate metabolism |
| Interphase | Period between two cell divisions when a cell is carrying on its normal functions and prepares for division |
| Isotonic | Describes a solution with the same concentration of dissolved particles as the solution with which it is compared |
| Leukocyte | white blood cell |
| Lysosome | Organelle that contains digestive enzymes |
| Meiosis | Cell division that halves the genetic material, resulting in egg and sperm cells |
| Metaphase | Stage in mitosis when chromosomes align in the middle of the cell |
| Microfilament | Tiny rod of actin protein in cytoplasm that provides structural support and movement |
| Microtubule | Minute, hollow rod of the protein tubulin |
| Mitochondria | Organelle housing enzymes that catalyze reactions of aerobic respiration |
| Mitosis | Division of a somatic cell to form two genetically identical cells |
| Myofibril | Contractile fibers within muscle cells |
| Nucleolus | Small structure within cell nucleus that contains RNA and proteins |
| Nucleus | Cellular organelle enclosed by double-layered, porous membrane and containing DNA; dense core of atom composed of protons and neutrons |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water through selectively permeable membrane in response to concentration gradient |
| Osmotic Pressure | Amount of pressure required to stop osmosis; a sloution's potential pressure caused by nondiffusible solute particles in the solution |
| Phagocytosis | Process by which a cell engulfs and digests solid substances |
| Pinocytosis | Process by which a cell engulfs droplets from its surroundings |
| prenatal | before birth |
| prophase | the stage of mitosis when chromosomes become visible |
| Ribosome | organelle composed of RNA and protein that is a structural support for protein synthesis |
| Selectively permeable | Describes membrane that allows some molecules through but not others; semipermeable |
| Telophase | Stage in mitosis when newly formed cells separate |
| Vesicle | Membranous cytoplasmic sac formed by infolding of cell membrane |
| The body consists of ___ trillion cells | 75 |
| Cells are common but vary in ___ and ____ | structure and function |
| Different functions of a cell are made possible by.... | 3D form |
| Regulates the movement of substance in and out of cells and helps cells adhere to other cells | Cell membrane |
| When cells adhere to other cells,they form ___ | tissue |
| Cytoplasm consists of a clear liquid called ____ | cytosol |
| Cytoplasm has a framework called a _______ ______ | phospholipid bilayer |
| Functions in the synthesis and transport of molecules | Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| Rough ER has ____ that make protein | ribosomes |
| Smooth ER functions are to... | synthesize lipids and aid in absorption |
| Produce protein and RNA | Ribosomes |
| Packages cell products for safe transport | Golgi apparatus |
| Sites of chemical reactions...captures and stores energy as ATP needed for aerobic respiration | Mitochondria |
| Contain enzymes to break up old cell components and bacteria | Lysosome |
| Particle distribution from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration to become evenly distributed | Diffusion |
| Water is the substance that moves | osmosis |
| Uses membrane proteins called transport proteins to move molecules across the cell membrane | Facilitated Diffusion |
| A solution with the same osmotic pressure as body fluids is isotonic (higher osmotic pressure is called hypertonic and lower osmotic pressure is called hypotonic) | Tonicity |
| Tissue fluid forms when water is forced out of the thin porous walls of blood capillaries, but blood stays in | Edema |
| Is the process by which cells develop into different types of cells with specialized functions | Differentiation |
| Control differentiation | progenitor cells |
| The death of a cell that is a normal part of the development | apoptosis |
| Provide energy for cellular activities and are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen | Carbohydrates |
| Carbohydrates are made from ______ and ______ | monosaccharides and disaccharides |
| Monosaccharides | simple sugers |
| Disaccharides | two monosaccharides joined together |
| Complex Carbohydrates | (polysaccharides) built of many sugars (Ex: starch) |
| Humans synthesize the polysaccharide _______ | glycogen |
| Organic substances that include fats, phospholipids, and steroids | Lipids |
| Supply energy for cellular function | fats |
| Fats are built from _______ and three ____________ | glycerol / fatty acids |
| Fatty acids with hydrogen at every position along the carbon chain are _________ | saturated |
| Fatty acids with one or more double bonds are called __________ ____ | unsaturated fats |
| Contains glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group, and are important in cell structures | phospholipid |
| complex ring structures and include cholesterol which is used to synthesize the sex hormones | Steroids |
| Have a great variety of functions in the body (structural materials, energy sources, certain hormones, receptors on cell membranes, antibodies) | proteins |
| Proteins contain the elements... | Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen atoms |
| Building blocks of proteins are the _____ ____ | amino acids |
| Proteins have complex shapes held together by _____ _____ | hydrogen bonds |
| Why didn't the skeleton go to the party? | He had no body to go with! |
| Protein shapes determine how proteins _____ | function |
| Protein shapes can be altered (denatured) by __, _______, ________, or __________ | PH / temperature / radiation / chemicals |
| Why was the scarecrow given an award? | Because he was outstanding in his field! |
| Form genes and take part in protein synthesis | Nucleic acids |
| Nucleic acids contain...___, ____, ____, ____, and ____ | carbon / hydrogen / oxygen / nitrogen / and phosporus |
| Building blocks of nucleic acids | nucleotides |
| Each nucleotide consists of a... | 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and one of many nitrogen bases |
| Two major types of nucleic acid | DNA and RNA |
| Functions in protein synthesis | RNA |
| Store the molecular code in genes | DNA |
| Oh my gosh this is taking forever. | Why do we have so many notessss |
| Deals with the structure of the body and its parts | Anatomy |
| Studies the functions of these parts | Physiology |
| Levels of organization | atom --> molecule --> organelle --> cell --> tissue --> organ --> organ systems --> organism |
| 10 characteristics of life | movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion |
| Life depends on the availability of... | Water, food, oxygen, heat, and pressure |
| Maintenance of a stable internal environment | homeostasis |
| Receptors, effectors, and a set point | Control systems meant to help regulate homeostasis |
| Integumentary system | (Skin, hair, nails) Protects underlying tissues, regulates, body temp, senses changes, synthesizes certain products |
| Skeletal system | (Bone and ligaments) framework, stability for limbs, houses blood-forming tissues, stores inorganic salts |
| Muscular system | (muscles) posture, movement, body heat |
| Nervous system | (Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs) Integrates info and sends impulses |
| Endocrine system | (Hormones, secreting glands) Integrate metabolic functions |
| Digestive systen | (Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs) Receives, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients |
| Respiratory system | (lungs and passageways) Exchanges gases between blood and air |
| Circulatory system | (heart and blood vessels) distributes oxygen and nutrients, removes wastes |
| Lymphatic system | (lymphatic vessels, nodes, thymus, and spleen) drains excess tissue fluid, cells of immunity |
| Urinary system | (Kidney, ureters, bladder, and urethra) removes wasted from the blood and maintains water and electrolyte balance |
| Reproductive system | (all the sexy organs and junk) used to manufacture little humans |
| A body part is above another part | Superior |
| Opposite of superior. A body part is below another part | Inferior |
| Means the same as ventral in humans. Towards the front | Anterior |
| Means the same as dorsal in humans. Towards the back | Posterior |
| Towards the middle | Medial |
| Towards the side | Lateral |
| Is in reference to another part. It means closer to the point of origin. | Proximal |
| It means farther from the point of origin | Distal |
| Situated near to the surface | Superficial |
| Situated away from the surface | Deep |
| Divides the body into left and right portions | Sagittal |
| Centrally divides the body into left and right portions | Midsagittal |
| Divides the body into superior and inferior portions (Horizontal) | Transverse |
| divides the body into anterior and posterior | Frontal or coronal |
Created by:
DarkPeriwinkle
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