anatomy final
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| rods and cones in the retena are photoreceptors, a specialized type of | sensory neuron
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| neurons that excite an effector organ are called | motor nerons
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| which is not part of the CNS: pons, spinal nerves, cerebrum, spinal cord | spinal nerves
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| the sensory fibers in the peripheral nervous system for blood pressure control in blood vessels and peristalsis in the digestive tract are | visceral sensory fibers
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| ___ is involuntary | increased heart rate at sight of danger
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| what is a support cell for a neuron | Neuoglia, astrocytes, satellite cells
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| what cleans up damaged nervous tissue | microlia
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| what is myelin sheath useful for | isulation, speeding up electrical impulses
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| made of mail schwa cells in the peripheral nervous system is what | myelin sheath
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| how does an electrical impulse travel | dendrite, cell body, axon
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| where are the vesicles of neurotransmitters released | axon terminal
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| a cell that destroys bone is known as what | osteoclast
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| ossification centers appear, bone matrix is secreted, woven bone and periosteum form, lamellar bone and red bone marrow form is referred to as what | bone formation
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| where is a long bone actively growing during youth | on the epiphyseal plate
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| what is the most important hormone for regulating blood calcium levels | parathyroid hormone
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| how does parathyroid hormone work | puts calcium back into the bone
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| bone growth and remodeling is in response to force or demands place upon it is known as what | wolffes law
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| hematoma, fibrocartilage callus, bony callus, remodeling is the order for what | healing of a fracture
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| osteoid is what | matrix produced by the osteocytes
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| making blood cells is what | hematopoiesis
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| made of lamellar bone | compact
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| has trabeculae | spongy bone
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| branching chains of cells- striations | cardiac tissue
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| single, fusiforms, nuninucleate, no striations | smooth tissue
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| skeletal tissue | attach and cover bony skeleton
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| longest muscle cell and have striations, voluntary | skeletal muscle tissue
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| responsible for overall body mobility | skeletal muscle tissue
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| occurs only in the heart, involuntary | cardiac muscle tissue
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| found in the walls of hollow visceral organs | smooth muscle tissue
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| lacks nerve fibers and is avascular | cartilage
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| hyaline cartilage | provides support, covers ends of long bones, absorb compression at joints
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| elastic cartilage | found on the ear and epiglottis
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| fibrocartilage | between hyaline and dense regular connective tissues
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| resists tension well and has the ability to withstand heavy pressure | fibrocartilage
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| support, protection, and movement are all required for what | bone functioning
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| contains no blood vessels or nerves | skeletal cartilage
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| membrane going around outside of the bone | periosteum
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| inside the bone | endosteum
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| bone making cells | osteoblasts
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| stem cells | osteogenic cells
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| walls of honeycombs | terbucleate
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| you need this before cells are made | osteogenic cells
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| name the functions of bones | support, protection, movement
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| fused bones of skill to enclose the brain and vertebrae around spinal cord are useful in what function of the bone | protection
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| provides framework for the body and cradles its soft organs is part of what function of the bone | support
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| skeletal muscles that attach to bones by tendons are used in what function | movement
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| cartilage grows in what two ways? | appositional, interstitial
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| cartilage forming cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix against external face of existing cartilage tissue is what | appositional growth
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| lacunae bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage within is what | interstitial growth
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| things that hang off the body is what part of the skeleton | appendicular
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| things that lie in the center of the skeleton is what part of the body | axial
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| the medullary cavity contains fat and is also known as what | yellow marrow
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| what consists of thin plates of spongy bon covered by compact bone and do not have a shaft of epiphyses | short, irregular and flat bones
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| contain a shaft, bone ends and membranes | long bones
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| what is the name of bone ends | epiphyses
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| where does the epiphyseal line lie | between the diaphysis and each epiphysis of adult long bone
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| glistening white double layered membrane is called | periosteum
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| what covers the external surface of the entire bone except joint surfaces | periosteum
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| periosteum is richly supplied with nerve fibers and blood which pass through the shaft to enter the marrow cavity through what | nutrient foramina
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| anchoring points for tendons and ligaments is provided by what | periosteum
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| delicate connective tissue membrane is called | endosteum
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| what does endosteum do | covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the canals that pass through compact bone
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| endosteum contains what kind of cell | osteogenic
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| what is another name for hematopoietic tissue | red marrow
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| where is red marrow found | trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bones and in the dipole of flat bones
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| in adult long bones the fat containing medullary cavity extends into what and this is present in little amounts in what bone | epiphysis, red marrow, spongy bone cavities
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| blood cell production in adult long bones occur where | femur and humerus
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| if a person becomes very anemic this converts to red marrow | yellow marrow in medullary cavity
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| what is part of bone markings | projections, depressions and openings
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| what does a projection on a bone reveal | stress created by muscle attached to and pulling on them or modified surface
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| what does depression and openings on a bone include and what do they allow | fossae, sinuses, foramina, grooves, nerves and blood vessels to pass
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| osteogenic cells, osteblasts, osteroclasts, bone lining cells and osteocytes and osteoid are part of what | organic components of the bone
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| what is the importance in organic components | bone structure and flexibility, tensile strength
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| sacrificial bonds contributes to what and what do they do | bones resilience, they stretch and break easily on impact dissipating energy
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| balance of bone tissue | inorganic hydroxyapatites or mineral salts
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| in inorganic components the crystals account for what, which allows what | hardness, resist compression
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| what is the reason bones last long after death | mineral salts
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| what provides visible proof of illness when the body uses nutrients to fight disease and bones stop growing | growth arrest lines
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| all bones below the base of the skull except for the clavicle form by what | endochondral ossification
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| endochondral ossification uses what kind of cartilage for bone construction in the second month of deveopment | hyaline
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| where does the formation of a long bone take place | primary ossification center
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| this forms the cranial bones of the skull | intramembranous ossification
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| most bones formed by this process are flat bones | intramembranous ossification
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| name the process in which long bones grow at the epiphyseal plate | proliferation, hypertonic, calcification, ossification
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| cartilage cells undergo mitosis | proliferation
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| older cartilage cells enlarge | hypertonic
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| matrix calcifies, cartilage cells die, matrix begins deteriorating and blood vessels invade cavity | calcification
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| new bones form | ossification
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| comminuted is when | bone fragments into three or more pieces
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| compression is when | bone is crushed
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| spiral is when | ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to bone
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| epiphyseal is when | this separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate, occurs where cartilage cells are dying and calcification of matrix is occuring
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| depressed is when | broken bone portion is pressed inward
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| greenstick means | bone breaks incompletely, only one side breaks leaving the other side bending
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| densely packed in the fiber of mitochondria and other organelles appear to be squeezed between them is known as what | myofibrils
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| myofibrils contain | contractile elements of skeletal muscle cells
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| myopfilaments are | smaller structures of myofibrils and are muscle equivalents of the actin or myosin
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| thin filaments are composed of this | actin
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| kidney shaped polypeptide subunits which bear the active sites to which the myosin heads attach occur when and what is the name of this function | contraction, actin
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| g actin subunits are polymerized into long actin filaments called what | filamentous or F
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| muscle contraction depends on what | myosin and actin containing myofilaments
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| thick filaments are composed of this type of protien | myosin
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| myosin is a | protien
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| each myosin chain contais | two heavy and four light polypeptide chains with a rodlike tail attached by a flexible hinge to two globular heads
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| what is action potential | electrical current
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| automatically propagated along sarcolomma | action potential
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| state of physiological inability to contract even if still receiving stimuli | muscle fatigue
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| intense exercise of short duration contributes to what | fatigue
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| depolarization is useful in what | igniting action potential by spreading to adjacent membrane areas and opening voltage gated sodium channels there
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| Repolarization | change in membrane permeability, sodium channels close and voltage potassium channels open. potassium is higher inside the cell so it diffuses out making it more negative inside again
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| what does the skeletal system do | provides framework that the muscles use for movement, protects and supports organs
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| integumentary system does what | forms the external boy coverings and protects deeper tissues from injury
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| houses cutaneous receptors and synthesizes vitamin d | integumentary system
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| chemical, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal | levels of organization
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| endocrine system | glands that secrete hormones
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| picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood | lymphatic system
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| ability for the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even when the outside world changes | homeostasis
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| shuts off the effect of the original stimulus | negative feedback
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| results or response enhances the original stimulus | positive feedback
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| body bplanes | frontal, midsaggital, saggital, transverse,oblique
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| what lies in the right upper quadrant | gall bladder, liver
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| what lies in the left upper qaudrant | spleen and stomach
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| what lies in the lower right quadrant | cervical, appendix
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| what lies in the lower left quadrant | descending colon of large intestine
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| smallest particle of an element that exhibits the properties of that element | atom
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| what is composed of protons, neutrons and electrons | atom
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| what does C stand for | carbon
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| what does H stand for | hydrogen
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| what does Na stand for | sodium
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| what does K stand for | potassium
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| what does N stand for | nitrogen
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| what does Ca stand for and P stand for | calcium and phosphorus
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| c,,o,h,n | major life sustaining elements
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| what is an ionic bond | chemical bond between atoms formed by the transfer of on or more neurtons
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| how are chemical bonds created | electron sharing between atoms
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| how are the electrons distributed in covalent bonds | shared equally between the atom and the molecule
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| what happens in polar molecules | electron sharing is unequal
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| what are hydrogen bond | more like attractions rather than true bonds
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| weak bonds and give water surface | hydrogen bonds
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| cation is | positively changed atoms or molecules
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| anion is | negatively charged atom or molecule
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| Ph-3 is | strongest acid
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| Ph-12 | strongest basic
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| ph-7 | strongest neutral
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| how many electrons are in the valence shell | eight
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| basic structural unit of all living things is a | cell
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| process during which the chromosomes are redistributed to to daughter nuclei | mitosis
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| coiling of chromosomes, break down the nuclear membrane and daughter cells migrate towards opposite poles | prophase
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| chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate | metaphase
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| daughter chromosomes move toward each pole of a cell | anaphase
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| migration of chromosomes to poles of a cell complete all ends with the formation of two daughter cells | telopphase
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| phospholipid bilayer | all biological membranes share a sanction like structure composed of two parallel sheets of phospholipids lying tail to tail with their polar heads exposed to the water on either side with non polar tails both facing eachother
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| series of integral protein molecules in he plasma membrane | tight junctions
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| what is adp and what does it do | adenosine triphoshate stores and releases chemical energy for use in the body cells
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| produced in mitochondrion by cristae | atp
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| responsible for structure of lines and are proteins | histones
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| what are gap junctions in the cardiac muscles for | electrical action
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| smallest contractive unit of the muscle, found in cardiac and skeletal | sacromere
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| simple sugars | monosaccharides
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| lipids | organic compounds formed of C, H, O
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| HYDROSTATIC pressure | back pressure of water against the membrane, seen when membrane is impermeable in solutes but permeable to water
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| dna replication | helicase unzips the double helix while dan polymerase attaches nucleotides
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| coding sections of a genera are | exons
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| non coding sections of a gene are | introns
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