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| heart | a hollow, muscular organ taht pumps blood through the arteries, capillaries, and veins
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| shunt | a passage between two blood vessels or between two sides of the heart
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| arteriole | a small artery
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| venule | a small vein
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| tricuspid valve | a valve with three cusps, located bwteeen the right atrium and right ventricle, which allows blood to pass into the right ventricle
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| bicuspid valve (Mitral) | a valve with two cusps, through which blood passes from the left atrium to the left ventricle aka mitral valve
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| vein | a vessel that carries deoxygenated blood to the hear from the body organs and tissues
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| artery | a vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to body tissues and organs
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| thrombosis | abnormal condition of a blood clot in the blood vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation
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| diuretics | act on kineys to increase excretion of water and sodium
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| aortography | angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of a contrast medium
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| coronary angiography | angiography that is used to dtermine the degree of stenosis or obstruction of the arteries taht supply the blood to the heart
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| PTCA (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) | angioplasty of the coronary arteries in which a balloon catheter is inserted through the skin into the right femoral artery and threaded to the site of the stenosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore forward blood flow
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| CAD (coronary artery disease) | any disease which alters the ability of the coronary artery to deliver theamout of blood that is required by the heart muscle
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| angioplasty | any endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels and restores forward blood flow
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| bradycardia | arrhythmia in which the heart beats abnormally slowly, usually fewer than 60 beats per minute in a resting adult
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| tachycardia | arrhythmia in which there is a fast but regular rhythm, with the heart possibly beating up to 200 beats/minute
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| fibrillation | arrhythmia in which there is an abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles
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| heart block | arrhythmia in which there is interference with the normal transmission of electric impulses from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers
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| regurgitation | backflow or ejecting of contents through an opening
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| calcium channel blockers | block movement of calcium into myocardial cells and arterial walls, causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease
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| beta blockers | block the effect of adrenaline on beta receptors, which slow nerve pulses taht pass through the heart, thereby causing a decrease heart rate
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| DVT (deep vein thrombosis) | blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs; also called deep venous thrombosis
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| cardiac enzyme studies | blood test that measuress the presence and amount of cardiac enzymes in the blood including troponin T, troponin I, and creatine kinase
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| pulmonary artery | carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
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| pulmonary vein | carries oxygenated blood back to the heart from the lungs
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| right atrium | chamber which collectws deoxygenated blood from the body
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| right ventricle | chamber which pumps deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
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| left atrium | chamber which receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
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| left ventricle | chamber which pumps oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta
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| endocardium | innermost layer of the heart
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| sphygmomanometer | instrument for measuring blood pressure
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| arrhythmia | irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart; also called dysrhythmia
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| inferior vena cava | large vein which collects and carries deoxygenated blood from the lower portion of the body and enters the right atrium
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| superior vena cava | large vein which collects and carries deoxygenated blood blood from the top portion of the body and enters the right atrium
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| aorta | largest artery in the body which collects blood from the left ventricle, and delivers it to all parts of the body via smaller arteries
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| MI-myocardial infarction | life threatening condition characterized by necrosis in the myocardium due to a lack of oxygen
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| ischemia | local, temporary deficiency f blood supply to an organ or tissue due to circulatory obstruction
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| aneurysm | localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery
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| infarction | localized tissue necrosis due to the cessation of blood supply
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| hypotension | low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60 mm Hg
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| angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE inhibitors | lower blood pressure by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
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| statins | lower cholesterol in the blood and reduces its production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it
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| capillaries | microscopic blood vessels connecting arterioles and venules
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| angina | mild to severe suffocating pain that typically occurs in the chest and is caused by an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium; also called angina pectoris, intermittent chest pain usually short duration
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| SPECT-single-photon emission computer tomography | MUGA scan of the heart in which the gamma camera moves in a circle around patient to create individual images as "slices" of the heart
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| myocardium | muscular layer of the heart
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| septum | muscular wall which divides the right and left sides of the heart
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| stenosis | narrowing
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| coarctation | narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta
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| carotid artery disease | narrowing of the carotid arteries, usually caused by atherosclerosis; may eventually lead to thrombus formation and stroke
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| vasoconstriction | narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow, usually as a result of diseases, medication of physiological process
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| MRI-magnetic resonance imaging | non-invasive technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field, rather than an x-ray beam, to produce highly detailed, multiplanar cross-sectional view of soft tissues
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| MUGA - multiple-gated acquisition scan | nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how well the heart walls move as they contract and calculates the ejection fraction rate
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| epicardium | outermost layer of the heart
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| pallor | paleness
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| syncope | partial or complete loss of consciousness that is usually caused by a decrease supply of blood to the brain; also called fainting
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| CC - cardiac catheterization | passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart
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| stent (placement) | placement of a mesh tube inserted into a natural passage or conduit in the body to prevent or counteract a disease-induced, localized flow constriction
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| CABG coronary artery bypass graft | placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked part of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle
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| sphincter | circular muscle found in a tubular structure of hollow organ that constricts or dilates to regulate passage of substances through its opening
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| embolism | condition in which a mass (commonly called a blood clot) becomes lodged in a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow
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| varicose veins | condition which develops when the valves of the veins are damaged, characterized by enlarged veins and edema of the surrounding tissues
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| cardioversion | defibrillation technique using low energy shocks to treat an arrhythmia, and is usually synchronized with the large R waves of the ECG complex to restore normal heart rhythm
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| thrombolysis | destruction of a blood clot using anti-clotting agents called clot-busters, such as tissue plasminogen activator
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| necrosis | destruction of tissue
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| dyspnea | difficult breathing
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| nitrates | dilated blood vessels of the heart, causing an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to the myocardium, and decrease venous return and arterial resistance, which decreases myocardial oxygen demand and relieves angina
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| cardiomyopathy | disease or weakening of heart muscles that diminishes cardiac function
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| stress test | ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions
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| holter monitor test | ECG taken with a small, portable recording system capable of storing up to 48 hours of ECG tracings, also called event monitor test
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| defibrillation | electrical shock delivered randomly during the cardiac cycle to treat emergency life-threatening arrhythmias
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| HTN - hypertension | elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg
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| cardiomegaly | enlargement of the heart
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| hyperlipidemia | excessive amounts of lipids in the blood
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| Purkinje fibers | extended up the walls of the ventricles and transmit electrical impulses to both ventricles, causing them to contract
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| CHF congestive heart failure | failure of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood to the tissues and organs
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| pericardium | fibrous sac which encloses the heart
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| leaflet | flat, leaf-shaped structure that comprises the valves of the heart and prevents backflow of blood
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| atherosclerosis | from of arteriosclerosis characterized by the deposit of plaques containing cholesterol and lipids that narrows the lumen in the arteries
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| arteriosclerosis | hardening and narrowing of an artery along with the loss of its elasticity
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| US - ultrasound | high-frequency sound waves are directed at soft tissue and reflected as "echos" to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure; also called ultrasound
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| conductive tissue | high specialized cardiac tissue which initiates and continues contraction impulses
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| AICD- automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillation | implantation of a battery-powered device that monitors and automatically corrects ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation by sending electrical impulses to the heart in patients who are at risk of sudden cardiac death;
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| insufficiency | inability of valves to close properly
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| valvotomy | incision of valve to increase the size of the opening; used in treating mitral stenosis
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| phlebitis | inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs
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| thrombophlebitis | inflammation of a vein wall, which may cause clots to form
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| carditis | inflammation of the heart
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| phlebitis | inflammation of a vein
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| sclerotherapy | injection of a chemical irritant into a vein to produce inflammation and fibrosis that destroys the lumen of the vein
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| ANS - autonomic nervous system | portion of the nervous system that regulates involuntary actions, such as heart rate, digestion and peristalsis
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| antiarrhythmics | prevent, alleviate, or correct cardiac arrhythmias by stabilizing the electrical conduction of the heart
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| pulmonic valve | prevents the backflow of blood into the right ventricle
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| ECG, EKG- electrocardiogram | procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs
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| EPS-electrophysiology studies | procedure used to determine the cause of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias by mapping the heart's conduction system in a patient with an arrhythmia
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| laser ablation | procedure used to remove or treat varicose veins
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| diaphoresis | profuse sweating
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| angiography | radiographic image of he inside of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium; aka arteriography
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| venography | radiography of a vein after injection of a contrast medium to detect incomplete filling of a vein, indicating obstruction
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| tachycardia | rapid heart action
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| vasodilators | reduce blood pressure by relaxing the smooth muscle in blood vessels, particularly in the large arteries, arterioles, and large veins, which decrease vascular resistance
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| arterial biopsy | removal of a segment of an arterial vessel wall to confirm inflammation of the wall or arteritis, a type a vasulitis
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| Bx - biopsy | removal of a small piece of tissue for diagnostic purposes
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| embolectomy | removal of an embolus
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| endarterectomy | removal of fatty plaque from the interior of an occluded vessel using a specially designed catheter fitted with a cutting or grinding device
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| palpitation | sensation of an irregular heartbeat commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat of flutter
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| lipid panel | series of blood tests (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease
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| bradycardia | slow heart action
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| congenital septal defect | small hole(s) within the atrial or ventricular septums, which are present at birth
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| bruit | soft flowing sound heard on auscultation, associated valvular action or with the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction or both; also called a murmur
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| cardiac MRI | specialized MRI that provides information on both static and moving images of the heart, including blood flow velocity
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| bundle of His | specialized muscle fibres, in the walls of he heart, between the ventricles that carry the electric impulses to the ventricles
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| viscosity | state of being sticky or gummy
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| MVP - mitral valve prolapse | structural defect in which the mitral valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood
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| anastomosis | surgical attachment of one end of a hollow structure to another end
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| open heart surgery | surgical procedure performed on or within the exposed heart, usually with the assistance of a heart-lung machine
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| commissurotomy | surgical separation of the leaflets of the mitral valve, which have fused together at their points of contact
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| angiorrhaphy | suturing of a blood vessel
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| CV - cardiovascular system | system composed of the heart, blood vessels and their function within the body
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| nuclear perfusion study | test used in conjunction with a stress test to detect the presence of coronary artery disease that is causing partial obstruction of the coronary arteries
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| systole | the contraction phase of the heart
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| diastole | the relaxation phase of the heart
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| cardiac ablation | treatment for cardiac arrhythmias; usually performed under fluoroscopic guidance
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| lumen | tubular space or channel within any organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube
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| MRA - magnetic resonance angiogram (graphy) | type of MRI scan that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to provide detailed images of blood vessels
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| ECHO-echocardiogram | ultrasonography that is used to visualize internal cardiac structures, produce images of the heart, and assess cardiac output
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| doppler U/S | ultrasonography used to assess blood flow through blood vessels and the heart
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| vasodilation | widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of the muscles of the vascular walls
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