Ch 5: Muscular System
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| Acetylcholine (ACh) | Neurotransmitter released to stimulate a contraction of skeletal muscle tissue. (must meet threshold amount for muscles to react; adding more ACh to the threshold will not give bigger response)
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| Aerobic respiration | Type of cellular respiration requiring oxygen that results in enough energy to generate 36 ATP molecules from each glucose molecule & produces carbon dioxide & water. (for endurance; converts pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide & water) See slow-twitch fibers.
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| Anaerobic respiration | Type of cellular respiration in the absence of O2 resulting in enough energy to generate 2 ATP molecules from each glucose molecule & produce lactic acid (bursts of energy; converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid as a waste product.) See fast-twitch fibers
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| Antagonist | A muscle that has an opposite action (ex: raise hand from waist to mouth-biceps brachii contract (shorten) & triceps brachii relax (lengthen)
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| Extension | The ability to be stretched (action that bends a part of the body posteriorly, such as straightening the arm at the elbow.)
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| Fascicle | Group of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium
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| Fatigue | The inability of a muscle to fully respond to a nerve impulse.
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| Flexion | Action that bends a part of the body anteriorly, such as flexing the elbow
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| Insertion | The attachment of a muscle to a bone or structure that does move when the muscle contracts.
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| Isometric | A type of contraction in which the length of the muscle remains constant while the tension in the muscle increases. (muscles stays the same)
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| Isotonic | A type of contraction in which the tension in the muscle remains constant and motion is the result. (muscle shortens & lengthens. Ex: boxer moving his arm during the punch, the tension in his muscles remained constant and motion was the result.)
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| Lever | A rigid object that can be used to lift something. Bones act as levers in lever systems that muscles use to move the body.
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| Motor unit | A single nerve cell and all the muscle cells it stimulates
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| Muscle twitch | The contraction of one muscle cell due to one nerve impulse
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| Origin | The attachment of a muscle to a bone or structure that does not move when the muscle contracts
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| Recruitment | The process of getting more and more motor units involved in a contraction to create a larger motion. (ex: there is rapid recruitment in a boxer’s punch)
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| Sarcomere | A section of a myofibril extending from one Z line to the next
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| Sliding filament theory | An explanation of muscle contraction that involves thick myofilaments grabbing thin myofilaments and pulling them toward the center of the sarcomere
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| Synergists | Muscles that have the same action (ex: raise hand from waist to mouth-biceps brachii contract (shorten) & triceps brachii relax (lengthen)
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| Tetany | A sustained contraction brought about by a high frequency of nerve impulses. (ex: like holding a pencil, muscles can’t enter relaxation phase or you’ll drop the pencil. (a sustained contraction brought about by a high frequency of nerve impulses.)
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