GI A&P
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| Breaking down of food into molecules that are sm enough to enter cells | Digestion
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| Passage of sm particles of food molecules through the cells lining the stomach & intestines into the lymph | Absorbtion
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| medical specialty that deals w/structure, function,DX & Tx of diseases of the stomach & intestines | Gastoenterology
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| Continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus | Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)
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| Primary GI Tract organs | Mouth,pharynx,esophagus,
stomach
,sm intestine & lg intestine
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| Accessory GI tract organs | teeth,tongue,salivary glands,liver,gallbladder & pancreas
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| How many primary & accessory GI tract organs are there | 6 of each
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| what do the primary GI tract organs do that the accessory organs do not | they can touch the contents
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| purpose of the accessory GI organs | provide secretions
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| steps for the digestive system process | ingestion,secretion,mixing & propulsion digestion,absorption & defecation
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| the taking in of food or liquid through the mouth | ingestion
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| in order to gain sustenance from your food you must first | absorb it
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| 4 layers of the GI tract | Mucosa, Submucosa, muscularis & peritoneum
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| innermost layer of the GI tract | Mucosa
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| Surrounds the digestive tract | Immune system
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| connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis | submucosa
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| muscle that allows for voluntary control of swallowing & defecation & where are they located | Skeletal muscle: mouth, pharnynx & upper esophagus-- External anal sphincter in the muscularis layer of the GI tract
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| outermost layer of the GI tract | peritoneum
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| two parts of the peritoneum ? what do they do? | VIseral peritoneum & parietal peritoneum: viseral covers the organs in the abd.cavity & secrets slippery watery fluid allowing the tract to glide easily against other organs -> parietal covers the abd. cavity
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| what % of the muscularis is made up of smooth muscle | 95%
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| how much is involuntary | 95%
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| thick sheet of fatty tissue that drapes over the transverse colon & SM intestine | Greater omentum
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| Stops food from going into the nasal cavity | uvula
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| the ingual frenulum is located | under the tongue
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| functions of the cheeks & tongue | keep the food b/w the teeth
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| uvula is located where | soft palette
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| upper surfaces and sides of the tongue are covered with | papillae,some of which contains taste buds
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| parotid, submandibular & sublingual glands | Salivary glands
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| salivary amylase breaks down | carbs ,carbs digest the quickest
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| what enzyme kills bacteria in the salivary glands | lysozyme
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| where do you find salivary amylase | salivary glands
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| after the sm intestine there are nomore | enzymes only bacteria
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| there is bacteria instead of enzymes in the | lg intestine
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| intestinal glands are found in the | sm intestine not in the lg
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| there are no villi or permanent circular folds in the mucosa of the | lg intestine
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| S-shape in the colon | Sigmoid colon
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| function of the lg intestine | complete the process of absorption, produces vitamins responsible for formation of feces & expels the feces from the body
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| parts of the colon | ascending,transverse, descending, sigmoid & ends at the rectum
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| structures of the lg intestine in the order in which food travels | cecum, colon, rectal & anal canal
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| what digest the majority of ions | Sm intestine
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| normal pathway pf amino acids | sm intestine, liver then general circulation
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| half of amino acids come from | food & half come from proteins in the digestive juices & dead cells
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| amino acids are usually absorbed in the | Jejunum & doudenum
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| Active transport is transporting | low to high solute concentration
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| 90% of absorption takes place | sm intestine
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| two types of movement in mechanical digestion | segmentation first movement then perstalsis
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| 90-120 mins 2nd mechanical digestion | perstalsis
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| intestinal juice is a watery,_______fluid w/ph of_________ | yellow;7.6 slightly alkaline
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| muscularis layer contains | longitudinal outer layer & circular inner layer
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| duodenum is located At | submucosa of the sm intestine
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| what structure of the duodenum secrets alkaline mucus | brunners gland
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| submucosa in the sm intestine neutralizies ______ in the chyme | gastric acid
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| three cells used in absorption? | absorptive,goblet & endocrine cells
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| microville appear on the top of absorptive cells & help to | increase absorption
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| what is a lacteal | lymphatic capillary
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| what cells physically bring food into the body | absorptive cells
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| ileum joins the cecum at the | ileocecal sphincter
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| duodenum means | 12`
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| sm intestine has 3 portions | duodenum,jejunum & ileum
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| groove b/w hepatocyles | canaliculi
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| how often do we make bile | 24hrs a day
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| what do kupffers cells do | destroy worn out blood cells bacteria & other foreign matter
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| food must go to the ____ first before it is allowed into general circulation via the _____ | Liver; hepatic portal system
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| functions of the liver | carbohydrate & lipid metabolism, protein, processing of drugs and hormones, excretion of bilirubin,storage of vitamins & minerals & activation of vit-D
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| the princple bile pigment | bilirubin (green)
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| bile salts in the liver are what | emulsifers
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| what do we do with bile when we are not digesting? | sphincter closes & bile backs up into the gallbladder where it is held until needed
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| what are kupffer cells ? | phagocytes inside sinusoids in the liver
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| what does the liver have inside of the capillaries | sinusoids, tiny hollow spaces
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| liver cells | hepatocytes
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| lobules of the liver consist of specialized epithelial cells | hepatocytes
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| lobes of the liver are divided into | lobules
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| sits behind the stomach | pancreas
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| under the liver anterior side is the | gallbladder
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| liver is located mostly on the______ of the body | right side ; has 2 lobes
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| cholecystokinin stimulates | pancreatic juices rich in digestive enzymes
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| proteins begin to digest in | the stomach
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| second largest organ | liver
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| enzymes that exist in the pancreatic juices | pancreatic amylase,
trypsin, chymotrypsin,
carboxypeptidase,pancreatic lipase
,ribonuclase &deoxyribonuclase
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| only part of the GI tract equipped to handle acid | stomach
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| pancreatic juices need to be alkaline bc | it needs to inactivate that highly acidic enzyme pepsin which is coming from the stomach
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| lots of sodium bicarbonate, mostly water,some salts & emzymes | pancreatic juice
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| pancreatic inslets are they endocrine or exocrine | endocrine they secret glucagon & insulin
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| remaining 1% of tissue in the pancreas is organized into clusters called | pancreatic inslets
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| the acini secret a mixture of fluid & _____ called __________ | digestive enzymes :pancreatic juice
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| 99% of pancreatic tissue is exocrine which is the | Acini
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| sm clusters of glandular epithelial cells int the pancreas | Acini
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| all secretions of the pancreas gets dumped into | duodenum
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| pancreatic duct joins another duct called | common bile duct
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| accessory organs for digestion | pancreas, gallbladder &liver
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| pepsin accounts for | 20 % of protein digestion
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| enzymes that digest protein | pepsin
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| hormone that decreases gastric secretions in the stomach | secretin
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| hormone that stimulates your stomach | gastrin
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| what does gastrin do? | increases production of gastric juices
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| three chief functions of the digestive system | digestion, absorption & elimination
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| continuous passageway beginning at the mouth & terminating at the anus | Digestive tract
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| necessary for digestive process but not part of the digestive tract | accessory organs
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| large membrane thst lines the abdominoplevic cavity | pertoneum
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| a thin moist tissue composed of simple squamous epithelium & areolar connective tissue | serous membrane(serosa)
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| main portion, located in abd. cavity & extending into the pelvic cavity | greater peritoneal cavity
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| formed by a smaller extension of these membranes dorsal to the stomach & liver to the posterior attachment of the diaphram | lesser peritoneal cavity
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| section of the peritoneum that extend from the colon to the posterior abd. wall | mesocolon
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| extends from the lower border of the stomach into the pelvic cavity then loops back up to the transverse colon | greater omentum
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| sm membrane extends b/w the stomach & liver | lesser omentum
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| digestive tract is sometimes called ____meaning food | alimentary tract
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| process of chewing | mastication
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| saliva lubricates the food & has a digestive enzyme called ________ which begins __________ | salivary amylase; starch digestion
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| food moves toward the throat to be swallowed in a process called | deglutition
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| children b/w 2-yrs has _____teeth | 20
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| baby teeth ; word meaning falling out at a certain time | decidous
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| complete set of adult permanent teeth | 32
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| main substance of a tooth , calcified substances harder then bone | dentin
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| teeth are covered w/ the hardest substance in the body | enamel
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| rigid connective tissue that helps hold the teeth in place | cementum
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| the esophagus travels through an opening in the diaphram called | esophageal hiatus
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| expanded J-shaped organ in the superior left region of the abd. cavity | stomach
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| layer that aides in grinding food & mixing it w/digestive juices | inner obilque
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| left facing arch of the stomach | greater curvature
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| right surface of the stomach forms the | lesser curvature
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| superior rounded portion under the Left sid of the diaphragm is the stomachs | fundus
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| two sphincters that separates the stomach from the organs above & below | lower esophageal sphincter & pyloric sphincter
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| b/w the esophagus & stomach | lower esophageal sphincter
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| b/w the distal or far end of the stomach & the sm intestine | pyloric sphincter
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| functions of the stomach | storage pouch,digestive organ & churn
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| when the stomach is empty the lining forms many folds and these fold disappear as the stomach expands | rugae
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| a strong acid that unwinds proteins to prepare for digestion & also destroys foreign organisms | hydrocholric acid (HCI)
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| protein digesting enzyme produces in an inactive form called pepsinogen which is activated when in contact w/HCI | pepsin
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| highly acidic, semi-liquid mixture of gastric juices & food that leaves the stomach to enter the sm intestine | Chyme
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| longest part of the digestive tract after death approx. 20 ft long in life approx. 10 ft long | sm intestine
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| begins in the lower right region of the abd. | lg intestine
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| outer longitudinal muscle fibers in the lg intestinal wall forms 3 separate surface bands that draw up the organs wall to give it it's distinctive puckered appearance | tenia coli
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| subdivision of the lg intestine the first part of the sm pouch | cecum
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| b/w the cecum & the ileum of the sm intestine prevents food from traveling backwards into the sm intestine | ileucecal valve
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| attached to the cecum in the sm blind tubing containing lymphoid tissue | vermiform appendix (appendix)
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| second portion extends superiorly along the right side of the abd. toward the liver | ascending colon
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| bends near the liver at the right colic hepatic flexure & extends across the abd. | transveres colon
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| bends again sharply at the left colic hepatic flexure & extends inferiorly on the left side of the abd. into the pelvis | descending colon
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| temporary storage area for indigestible or nonabsorbent food residue | rectum
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| narrow terminal portion of the lg intestine which leads to the outside of the body--- which leads to an opening called | anal canal -- anus
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| deliver their secretions into the mouth | salivary glands
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| release secretions into the duodenum | liver,pancreas & gallbladder
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| saliva is manufacture in three pairs of glands | parotid, submandibular & sublingual glands
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| largest of the glands located inferior & anterior to the ear | parotid gland
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| gland locacted near the body of the lower jaw | submandibular
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| glands are under the tongue | sublingual
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| why do you feel the effects of alcohol & aspirin so quickly? | they can permeate your stomach & do not have to go through the sm intstine
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| the epithelial cells in the stomach are almost impermeable, what can get through | water,ions , aspirin & alcohol
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| prescence of food in the stomach does what to the PH | increases it
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| what is different in the muscularis layer of the stomach | the third layer when the others only have a viseral & parietal layers
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| what is the function of HCI | kills microbes in food ,converts pepsiongen into pepsin , maintains PH in the stomach around 2-3 ( keeps it acidic to kill microbes) helps absorb vit-B12 bc of the instrinsic factor
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| J - shape curve in the stomach | pylorus
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| where the diaphragm pushes & pulls w/inspiration & mixes food w/HCI | mixing chamber
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| the way we propel food through a tube | peristalisis
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| where the esophagus joins the stomach | cardia
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| structure of the stomach | cardia , fundus,body & pylorus
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| what forces food into the sm intestines | holding resirvoir
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| connects the esophagus w/duodenum | stomach
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| what secretes mucosa to aid in swallowing | esophagus
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| stage of swallowing when the bolus is forced to the back of the mouth & into the oropharynx | voluntary
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| stage of swallowing when breathing is interrupted & the uvula ,epiglottis seals off the respiratory system | pharyngeal
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| stage of swallowing when peristalic contraction begins to the move the bolus down towards the stomach | esophageal
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| three stages in swallowing | voluntary, pharyngeal & esophageal
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| what begins chemical digestion | salivary amylase
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| result of mastication | bolus
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| mechanical digestion in the mouth that results from chewing | mastication
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| which system controls salivation | PNS
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| The PH of the sm intestine | 7-6
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| The PH of the stomach | 2
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| The PH of the mouth | 6-7
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