Milk collection in cattle/rumen collection
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| why are milk samples collected from dairy animals | to test for the presence of mastitis
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| what is mastitis | an inflammation of the mammary gland that is commonly caused by bacterial infection
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| clinical signs of mastitis include | a hard, hot udder, abnormal appearance or smell of the milk and pain
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| CMT California mastitis test | teats are cleaned and dried and a small amount of milk is expelled from each teat into individual sample wells. equal amounts of reagent is put in the wells too. the formation of gel is graded 0-3 the higher the number the more inflammation
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| rumen collection is collected for several reasons | diagnosis of disease of the forestomachs, may be used for transfaunation of the sick animals rumen with normal rumen flora
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| characteristics of rumen should include | color, pH, odor, microbial organisms and numbers, and electrolyte levels
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| materials needed for rumen fluid collection | stomach tube, lubricant, Frick speculum, mouth gag, dose syringe and sample container
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| thoracocentesis is | the aspiration of fluid from the thoracic cavity
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| why is thoracocentesis performed in large animals | to obtain pleural fluid samples for diagnostic purposes and therapeutically to drain fluid, air or exudate from the pleural cavity
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| materials needed for thoracocentesis are | sterile gloves, sample tubes, needle, catheter, lidocaine, syringe, blade, three way stopcock, extension tubing, suture material, u/s machine
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| the site to thoracocentesis in horses and camelids is | the ventral portion of the 6th and 7th intercostal (between ribs) 10-12 cm dorsal to the olecranon, above the lateral thoracic vein.
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| complications of thoracocentesis can be | pneumothorax, dyspnea and introgenic infection
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| two methods used for the equine transtracheal aspiration | percutaneous and endoscopic
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| materials needed for TTW | sterile gloves, blades, syringe of NaCl, needles, TTW kits
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| most common complication of TTW include | cellulitis or SC abscessation at the tracheal puncture site, SC enphysema, pulmonary foreign body, acute dyspnea, tracheal laceration, minor hemorrhage and iatrogenic infection.
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| bronchoalveolar lavage is a procedure to | collect fluid samples from the lower airway BAL
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| advantage of BAL is | better cytologic samples for assessment
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| disadvantage of BAL is | samples are representative of only a limited area of the lung and are subject to contamination caused by passing the tube through the nares
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| if TTW and BAL are both performed which one should be done first | TTW to allow fluid samples to be otained before any contamination may be introduced with passage of the BAL tubing
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| Peritoneal fluid is obtained by | abdominocentesis
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| peritoneal fluid is produced by the | cells of the peritoneum the cells lining the abdominal cavity and other surfaces of abdominal cavity
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| indications for abdominocentesis include | colic, suspected peritonitis, weight loss, abdominal distention, chronic diarrhea, signs of internal hemorrhage, abnormal ultrasound findings
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| materials needed for abdominocentesis in horses include | four-inch bitch catheter, blade, anticoagulant tubes, syringe, gauze, sterile gloves, lidocaine
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| the two most common sites for abdominocentesis in camelids are | ventral midline and a right paracostal site
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| the most common complications associated with abdominocentesis are | failure to obtainn a sample and slight skin hemorrhage, protrusion of omentum through the site of puncture in the abdominal wall can also occur, penetration of the bowel, penetration of the spleen, damage to the xiphoid process and introduction of bacteri
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| cerebrospinal fluid may be collected from patients when | central nervous system disease is suspected
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| CDF tap requires | general anethetic
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| CSF in equine is performed at | atlantooccipital site
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| Lumbosacral site is performed with the horse remaining | very still and standing as squarely as possible
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| complications of CSF tap or LSA tap include | trauma to the spinal cord, herniation of the cerebellum, infection of the meninges
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