Gastrointestinal System - Q – Diagnostic Terms & A – Meaning

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ankyloglossia

tongue-tie; a defect of the tongue characterized by a short, thick frenulum (ankyl/o = crooked or stiff)

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cheilitis

inflammation of the lip

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esophageal varices

swollen, twisted veins in the esophagus that are especially susceptible to ulceration and hemorrhage

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esophagitis

inflammation of the esophagus

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gastritis

inflammation of the stomach

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gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus, often resulting from abnormal function of the lower esophageal sphincter, causing burning pain in the esophagus

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gingivitis

inflammation of the gums

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glossitis

inflammation of the tongue

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parotiditis

inflammation of the parotid gland; also called mumps

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peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

sore on the mucous membrane of the stomach, duodenum, or any other part of the gastrointestinal system exposed to gastric juices; commonly caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria (pept/o = to digest)

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gastric ulcer

ulcer located in the stomach

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duodenal ulcer

ulcer located in the duodenum

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pyloric stenosis

narrowed condition of the pylorus

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sialoadenitis

inflammation of a salivary gland

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stomatitis

inflammation of the mouth

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anal fistula

an abnormal, tube-like passageway from the anus that may connect with the rectum (fistula = pipe)

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appendicitis

inflammation of the appendix

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colitis

inflammation of the colon (large intestine)

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ulcerative colitis

chronic inflammation of the colon with ulcerations

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colorectal polyps

benign tissue growths on the mucous membrane lining the large intestine and rectum; adenomatous types are precancerous and likely to develop into malignancy

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pediculated polyp

projected on a stalk (ped/o = foot)

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sessile polyp

lying flat on the surface (sessilis = low growing)

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diverticulum

an abnormal side pocket in the gastrointestinal tract; usually related to a lack of dietary fiber

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diverticulosis (Fig. 12-9; see Fig. 12-15)

presence of diverticula in the gastrointestinal tract, especially the colon

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diverticulitis

inflammation of diverticula

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dysentery

inflammation of the intestine characterized by frequent, bloody stools; most often caused by bacteria or protozoa (e.g., amebic dysentery)

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enteritis

inflammation of the small intestine

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hemorrhoid

swollen, twisted vein (varicosity) in the anal region (haimorrhois = a vein likely to bleed)

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hernia

protrusion of a part from its normal location

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inguinal hernia

protrusion of a loop of the intestine through layers of the abdominal wall in the inguinal region

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incarcerated hernia

hernia that is swollen and fixed within a sac, causing an obstruction

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strangulated hernia

hernia that is constricted, cut off from circulation, and likely to become gangrenous

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umbilical hernia

protrusion of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the umbilicus (navel)

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ileitis

inflammation of the lower portion of the small intestine

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intussusception (Fig. 12-11)

prolapse of one part of the intestine into the lumen of the adjoining part (intus = within; suscipiens = to take up)

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peritonitis

inflammation of the peritoneum

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proctitis

inflammation of the rectum and the anus

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volvulus

twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction (volvo = to roll)

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cholangitis

inflammation of the bile ducts

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cholecystitis

inflammation of the gallbladder

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cholelithiasis

presence of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts

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cirrhosis

chronic disease characterized by degeneration of liver tissue; most often caused by alcoholism or a nutritional deficiency (cirrho = yellow)

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hepatitis

inflammation of the liver

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hepatitis A

inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), usually transmitted orally through fecal contamination of food or water

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hepatitis B

inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids

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hepatitis C

inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is transmitted by exposure to infected blood; this strain is rarely contracted sexually

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