Endocrine Reverse Definitions
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| diabetes mellitus | a common pancreatic disorder involving insulin secretion into the blood, either in too much or too little quantities
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| dwarfism | a condition of being abnormally small; maybe hereditary or an endocrine dysfunction
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| polyphagia | a condition of eating abnormally large amounts of food
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| cortisol | a glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex
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| glycosuria | abnormal condition of glucose in the urine
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| thyrotoxicosis | abnormal condition of poisoning of the thyroid gland
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| hypervolemia | abnormal increase in the volume of blood plasma in the body
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| gigantism | abnormal overgrowth of the entire body caused by hypersecretion of pituitary gland
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| hypocalcemia | abnormally low amount of calcium in the blood
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| antagonistic | acting in opposition, mutually opposing
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| radio active uptake (RAIU) | administration of radioactive iodine in pill or liquid form is used as a tracer to test how quickly the thyroid gland takes up iodine from the blood
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| epinephrine | adrenaline- produced in the adrenal medulla. Increases heart rate, fat metabolism for energy, and dilates the bronchial tubes
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| sympathomimetic | agent that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system
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| ketoacidosis | an acute stage of diabetes mellitus characterized by hypotension and eventually coma
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| pancreas | an organ that contains groups of cells called the islets of Langerhans which produce endocrine secretions , such a insulin and glucagon
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| serum glucose test | blood tests to aid in the diagnosis of insulin deficiency
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| morbid obesity | body mass index of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 or more pounds over ideal body weight
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| Addison Disease | chronic disorder of the adrenal glands caused by a deficiency of cortical hormones
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| islets of Langerhans | clusters of cells in the pancreas which produce insulin and glucagon
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| hypercalcemia | condition in which calcium level in the blood is higher than normal
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| hyperkalemia | condition in which potassium level in the blood is higher than normal
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| thyroid storm | crisis of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism caused by release into the blood stream of increased amount of thyroid hormone; also called thyroid crisis or thyrotoxic crisis
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| insulin tolerance test (ITT) | diagnostic test in which insulin is injected into the vein to assess pituitary function, adrenal function, and to determine insulin sensitivity
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| Cushing Syndrome | disorder caused by hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex, resulting in excessive production of steroids
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| transsphenoidal hypophysectomy | endoscopic procedure to surgically remove a pituitary tumor through an incision in the sphenoid sinus without disturbing brain tissue
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| obesity | excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body's skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20% or more above ideal body weight
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| Hyperinsulinism | excessive amount of insulin in the blood-insulin shock
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| hyperglycemia | excessive amount of sugar in the blood
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| hirsutism | excessive distribution of body hair, especially in women
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| hypersecretion | excessive secretion
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| parathyroidectomy | excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands, usually to control hyperparathyroidism
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| thymectomy | excision of the thymus gland
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| thyroidectomy | excision of the entire thyroid gland or a part of it or a single lobe
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| hypokalemia | extreme depletion of potassium in the blood usually lost in diuresis
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| glucogenesis | formation of glucose from glycogen
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| parathyroid glands | four separate gland that are located on the posterior surface of the lobes of the thyroid gland
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| endocrine glands | glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood stream
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| glucagon | hormone produced by pancreatic alpha cells that stimulates the liver to change stored glycogen to glucose
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| insulin | hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells that allows body cells to use glucose for energy or store it in the liver as glycogen
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| mineralocorticoids | hormones in the adrenal cortex that regulates water and mineral salts in the body
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| somatotropin | human growth hormone found in the anterior pituitary lobe
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| pituitary gland | hypophysis; pea-shaped gland that is located at the base of the brain
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| thyroid scan | images of the thyroid gland are obtained after oral or intravenous administration of a small dose of radioactive iodine
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| CT computed tomography | imaging technique that rotates an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measures the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles
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| hyposecretion | inadequate secretion
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| diuresis | increased formation and secretion of urine
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| somatropin | increase skeletal growth in children and growth hormone deficiencies in adults
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| adrenal madulla | inner section of the adrenal gland which secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
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| atrophy | lack of development
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| thyroid gland | the largest gland on the endocrine system
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| insulins | lower blood glucose by promoting its entrance into body cells and converting glucose to glycogen
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| hyponatremia | lower than normal level of sodium in the blood
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| virilism | masculinization or development of male secondary sex characteristics in a woman
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| exophtalmometry | measures the degree of forward displacement o the eyeball s seen in Graves disease
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| oral hypoglycemics | medication used to stimulate the pancreas to secrete insulin
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| partial thyroidectomy | method of choice for removing a fibrous, nodular thyroid
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| electrolyte | mineral salts that carry an electrical charge in solution
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| Graves disease | multisystem autoimmune disorder characterized by pronounced hyperthyroidism usually associated with enlarged thyroid gland and exophthalmos
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| MRI magnetic resonance imaging | noninvasive imaging technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field rather than an x-ray beam to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images
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| norepinephrine | noradrenalin; produced in the adrenal medulla. Increases blood pressure and constricts vessels
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| thyroxine T4 | one of the two major hormones produced by the thyroid. Regulates metabolism ad energy levels
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| triiodothyronine T3 | one of the two major hormones produced, stored and released by the thyroid gland
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| adrenal cortex | outer section of the adrenal gland which secretes steroids
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| pineal gland | pine-cone shaped gland that is attached to he posterior part of the third ventricle of the brain
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| metabolism | process in which substances are broken down or built up during chemical reactions that are necessary to maintain life
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| exophthalmos | protrusion of the eyes due to swelling in tissues; often associated with Grave's disease
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| acromegaly | rare hormonal disorder in adulthood, usually caused by a GH secreting pituitary tumor that promotes the soft tissue & bones of the face hands and feet to grow larger than normal
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| antidiuretics | reduce or control excretion of urine
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| thyroidectomy | removal of most of the thyroid to relieve hyperthyroidism
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| thyroid supplements | replace or supplement thyroid hormones
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| corticosteroids | replacement hormones lost in adrenal insufficiency
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| glucose tolerance test | screening test in which a dose of glucose is administered and blood samples are taken afterward at regular intervals to determine how quickly glucose is cleared from blood
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| pheochromocytoma | small chromaffin cell tumour, usually located in the adrenal medulla, causing elevated heart rate blood.
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| aldosterone | steroid produced in adrenal cortex. Is essential to life. Maintains sodium and potassium levels
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| glucocorticoids | steroids the adrenal cortex that influence the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins
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| glycogen | substance in which carbohydrate are stored in the liver for future conversion into sugar
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| adrenalectomy | surgical excision of adrenal gland
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| thyroidectomy | surgical excision of thyroid gland
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| thyroid function test | test that detects an increase of decrease in thyroid function (TFT)
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| fasting blood glucose | test that measures glucose levels in a blood sample, following a fast of at least 8 hrs
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| endocrinology | the study of ductless glands, their secretions, and their function of homeostasis
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| thyrotoxic | thyroid poisoning
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| hypoglycemia | too little sugar in the blood
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| panhypopituitanism | total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general los of hormonal activity
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| antithyroids | treat hyperthyroidism by impeding the formation of T3 an T4 hormone
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| oral antidiabetics | treat type 1 diabetes mellitus by stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin and decrease peripheral resistance to insulin
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| adrenoma | tumour of a gland
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| insulinoma | tumour of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas
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| adrenal glands | two bean shaped glands situated on top of the kidneys which secrete steroid and sex hormones
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| thyroid echogram | ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland
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| hypogonadism | underdevelopment of internal secretions of male sex glands
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| antidiuretic hormone | vasopressin; promote reabsorption of water in the kidneys
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| total calcium | test that measures calcium to detect bone and parathyroid disorders
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