Nervous System & Psychiatry - Q – Anatomic Terms & A – Meaning
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central nervous system (CNS) | brain and spinal cord
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brain | portion of the central nervous system contained within the cranium
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cerebrum | largest portion of the brain; divided into right and left halves, known as cerebral hemispheres, which are connected by a bridge of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum; lobes of the cerebrum are named after the skull bones they underlie
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frontal lobe | anterior section of each cerebral hemisphere; responsible for voluntary muscle movement and personality
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parietal lobe | portion posterior to the frontal lobe; responsible for sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch
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temporal lobe | portion that lies below the frontal lobe; responsible for hearing, taste, and smell
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occipital lobe | portion posterior to the parietal and temporal lobes;
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cerebral cortex | outer layer of the cerebrum consisting of gray matter; responsible for higher mental functions (cortex = bark)
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thalamus | each of two gray matter nuclei deep within the brain; responsible for relaying sensory information to the cortex
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gyri | convolutions (mounds) of the cerebral hemispheres
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sulci | shallow grooves that separate gyri
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fissures | deep grooves in the brain
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cerebellum | portion of the brain located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum; responsible for control and coordination of skeletal muscles
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brainstem | region of the brain that serves as a relay between the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord; responsible for breathing, heart rate, and body temperature; the three levels are the mesencephalon (midbrain), pons, and medulla oblongata
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ventricles | series of interconnected cavities within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem filled with cerebrospinal fluid
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cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | plasma-like clear fluid circulating in and around the brain and spinal cord
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spinal cord | column of nervous tissue from the brainstem through the vertebrae; responsible for nerve conduction to and from the brain and the body
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meninges | three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, consisting of the dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid mater
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peripheral nervous system (PNS) | nerves that branch from the central nervous system including nerves of the brain (cranial nerves) and spinal cord (spinal nerves)
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cranial nerves | 12 pairs of nerves arising from the brain
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spinal nerves | 31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord
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sensory nerves | nerves that conduct impulses from body parts and carry sensory information to the brain; also called afferent nerves (ad = toward; ferre = carry)
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motor nerves | nerves that conduct motor impulses from the brain to muscles and glands; also called efferent nerves (e = out; ferre = carry)
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autonomic nervous system (ANS) | nerves that carry involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and various glands
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hypothalamus | control center for the autonomic nervous system located below the thalamus (diencephalon)
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sympathetic nervous system | division of the autonomic nervous system that is concerned primarily with preparing the body in stressful or emergency situations
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parasympathetic nervous system | division of the autonomic nervous system that is most active in ordinary conditions; it counterbalances the effects of the sympathetic system by restoring the body to a restful state after a stressful experience
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