Nervous System
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| CNS | Central Nervous System - includes the brain and spinal cord
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| PNS | Peripheral Nervous System - includes nerves and ganglia
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| Sensory Nervous System (SNS) | "afferent" nervous system, is responsible for receiving sensory information from receptors that detect stimuli and transmitting this information to the CNS.
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| Somatic sensory | component of SNS, may detect stimuli that we consciously perceive. Receptors include - eyes, nose, tongue, ears, skin and proprioceptors.
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| Proprioceptors | Receptors in joints and muscles that detect body position.
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| Visceral sensory | component of SNS, detect stimuli that we typically do not consciously perceive.
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| Motor Nervous System | "efferent" nervous system, responsible for initiating and transmitting motor output from the CNS to effectors. Controls muscle tissue and glands.
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| Somatic motor | initiates and transmits motor output from the CNS to the voluntary skeletal muscles. ex: use your leg to push the gas pedal.
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| Autonomic motor | (visceral motor) innervates and regulates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands without conscious control
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| Sympathetic | "Fight or Flight", speeds up transmissions
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| Parasympathetic | Slows down transmissions
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| Grey matter | Unmyelinated, found in surface, made up of fatty acids
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| White matter | Myelinated, "major highway" that exchanges impulses to and from the spinal cord.
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| Afferent | Sensory - input
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| Efferent | Motor - output
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| Axon | Impulses are taken away from the cell body
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| Dendrite | Impulses are taken into the cell body
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| Multi-polar | 99% of (human) neurons
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| Bipolar | Found in eyes and ears
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| Unipolar | Found in other sensory areas
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| Anaxonic | No axons
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| Layers of the nerve | Epineurium, Perineurium, Endoneurium
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| Astrocyte (CNS) | Large cell, in contact with neurons and capillaries, most common type of glial cell. Forms BBB, regulates tissue fluid, structural support, replicates to occupy space of dying neurons.
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| Ependymal cell (CNS) | Simple cuboidal or columnar epithelial cell that lines the cavity of the brain and spinal cord. Assists in production and circulation of CSF.
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| Microglial cell (CNS) | Small cell with slender branches from cell body, least common type. Defends against infectious agents and engulfs debris from dead or dying neurons.
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| Oligodendrocyte (CNS) | Rounded, bulbous cell with slender cytoplasmic extensions that wrap around CNS axons. Myelinates and insulates CNS axons. Allows faster action potential conduction along axon in the CNS.
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| Satellite cell (PNS) | Flattened group of cells that cluster around neuronal cell bodies in ganglion. Protects and regulates nutrient and waste exchange for cell bodies in ganglion.
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| Neurolemmocyte (PNS) | Flattened cell wrapped around part of an axon. Myelinates and insulates PNS axons. Allows for faster action potential conduction along an axon in the PNS.
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| Hippocampus | Only part of the brain that remains mitotic. As you learn, it grows.
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| Decussation | Crossing over of tissues, ex: optic chiasm
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| Frontal lobe | Primary motor cortex, pre-motor cortex, frontal eye field, motor speech area (broca area)
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| Insula | Primary gustatory cortex - taste
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| Temporal lobe | Primary auditory cortex, auditory association area, primary olfactory area
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| Occipital lobe | Primary visual cortex, visual association area
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| Parietal lobe | Primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory association
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| Spinothalmic tract | Sensory relay from the skin to the thalamus (ascending tract)
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| Wernicke area | Spoken, written landguage and math comprehension
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| Primary motor cortex | Controls voluntary skeletal muscle activity
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| Premotor cortex | Plan and coordinate learned, skilled motor activities
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| Motor speech area | Regulate skeletal muscle movements involved with speech
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| Primary visual cortex | Visual association area - process, integrate and store visual information
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| Primary auditory cortex | Auditory association area - process, interpret sounds and store sound memories
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| Primary gustatory cortex | Primary olfactory cortex - process taste information and provide conscious awareness of smells
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| Primary somatosensory cortex | Somatosensory association area - receive and interpret somatic information from receptors
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| Gnostic area | Integrates all information being processed in adjacent lobes to provide a comprehensive understanding of a current activity.
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| Corpus callosum | Links to the two brain hemispheres together as well as provide a communication pathway between them. **Women have more connections through this, causing a sixth sense or "woman's intuition".
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| Medulla oblongata | This section of the brain helps transfer messages to the spinal cord and the thalamus and controls breathing, heart function, blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing.
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| Pons | It serves as a message relay for various parts of the nervous system, including the cerebellum and cerebrum.
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| Hypothalamus | Responsible for hormone production, governs body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep, moods, sex drive, and the release of other hormones in the body. This area of the brain controls the pituitary gland and other glands in the body.
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| Thalamus | The main function of the thalamus is to relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex.
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| Pineal gland | Produces melatonin, which helps maintain circadian rhythm and regulate reproductive hormones.
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| Cerebellum | Coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth, balanced muscular activity.
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| Infundibulum | Connects the pituitary to the brain and is the passage which pituitary hormones are delivered to the deeper parts of the brain.
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| Contra coup injury | Injury is in opposite location of impact, ex - forehead hits wall, brain hits occipital lobe effecting eye sight.
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| Concussion | Temporary alteration in function, normally a contra coup injury
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| Contusion | A permanent injury
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| Subddural or subarachnoid hemorrhage | a.k.a. - Aneurysm, may force brain stem through the foramen magnum resulting in death
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| Cerebral edema | Swelling of the brain associated with a traumatic head injury, treated with manitol and anti-inflammatory
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| Cerebrovascular accident | a.k.a. CVA or stroke, blood circulation is blocked causing brain tissue to die, leads to hemiplegia
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| Transient ischemic attacks | a.k.a. TIA, temporary episodes of reversible cerebral ischemia, mini-strokes
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| Tissue plasminogen activator | a.k.a. TPA, only approved drug to treat stroke victims by breaking up clots, must be given within a few minutes of first stroke
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| Alzheimer's Disease | Degenerative brain disorder, progressive degeneration of the brain that results in dementia, cell death and ultimately neuron death
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daydreamer67
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