Anatomy, for final lab practical
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Glucagon | aka Alpha cells, signals liver to break down glycogen and release glucose when levels are low
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| Insulin | aka Beta cells, lowers blood glucose/sugar levels when too high. Signal storage of glucose (as glycogen)in the liver
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| Diabetes Mellitus | lack of insulin (hyposecretion)or insulin resistance that leads to high blood sugar
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| Master Control Center | Hypothalamus
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| Endocrine Glands | secretes aqueous fluid inside extracellular space and blood; ductless; can act at a distance
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| Hypothalamus and Pituitary | form control system and major link between Nervous System (neurons) and Endocrine System (hormones)
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| 3 Types of Stimuli that Hormones are released in response to | 1) Humoral 2) Neural 3) Hormonal
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| Hormonal Stimuli | Hypothalamus secretes hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones
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| Amino Acid based Hormones | EXCEPT for thyroid hormone, all amino acid based hormones are water soluble (cannot enter target cells; act on receptors in plasma membrane and use 2nd messengers)
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| Steroid based Hormones | all steroid based hormones (plus thyroid hormone) are lipid soluble, meaning they can cross the plasma membrane into the cell and activate intracellular receptors
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| Hypothalamus | produces 2 NEUROhormones
-oxytocin -antidiuretic (ADH)
These hormones are stored and released in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
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| Anterior Pituitary | produces 6 hormones
1) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
2) Growth Hormone (GH)
3) Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH)
4)Prolactin (PRL)
Gonadotrophins
5) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
6) Luthenizing Hormone (LH)
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| 2 Pituitary Hormones that act on NON ENDOCRINE organs | 1) Growth Hormone 2) Prolactin
-NON TROPIC
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| What type are Anterior Pituitary Hormones (4 of the 6) | 4 out of 6 are Tropic Hormones= stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones
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| Oxytocin [1/8] | **produced in hypothalamus, stored/released by posterior pituitary**. Activates uterine contractions and helps control lactation (both positive feedback)
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| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) [2/8] | **produced in hypothalamus, stored/released by posterior pituitary** major regulator of water balance in body; released when water needs to be stored, meaning less water in urine
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| Growth Hormone (GH) [3/8] | **Produced and released by Anterior Pituitary, regulated by hypothalamus** Acts on non endocrine organs; targets are bone & skeletal muscle; regulated by GHRH/GHIH of hypothalamus
Too much=Gigantism or Acromegaly(hands/feet big)
Too little=dwarfism
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| Prolactin (PRL) [4/8] | **Produced and released by Anterior Pituitary, regulated by hypothalamus** Acts on non endocrine organs; stimulates lactation; targets mammary gland/breasts
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| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) [5/8] | **Produced and released by Anterior Pituitary, regulated by hypothalamus** development and secretory activity of thyroid gland
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| Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) [6/8] | **Produced and released by Anterior Pituitary, regulated by hypothalamus** deals with external and internal factors, i.e fevers and stresses
(think, adreno=adrenaline!)
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| Thyroid Hormones Secreted by Gland [1/2] | Thyroid Hormone=
directly regulates cellular/body metabolism; tells mitochondria to make energy; increased thyroid hormone release=increased metabolic activity
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| Thyroid Hormones Secreted by Gland [2/2] | Calcitonin=
lowers calcium levels in blood; stimulates calcium uptake in blood (stops osteoclasts); antagonist is parathyroid hormone
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| Hyperthyroidism | aka Graves Disease
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| Hypothyroidism | aka Hashimoto's Disease; leads to goiter and cretinism; area becomes swollen and inflamed
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| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) | increases blood concentration of calcium by stimulating osteoclasts which break down bone and release calcium into blood stream. Too much secretion= weak bones. Promotes activation of vitamin D by kidneys. Too much= kidney stones
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| Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands | renal= kidneys, these are found above them. 2 endocrine glands in one 1) Adrenal Cortex (external): glandular, corticosteroids 2) Adrenal medulla (internal): autonomic/sympathetic nervous system
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| Adrenal Cortex (of adrenal gland) | long term stress; 3 layers/hormones
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| -Mineralcorticoids (of adrenal CORTEX) | regulation of mineral salt levels/ balance of extracellular fluid; produces ALDOSTERONE= regulation of salt levels; aldosterone stimulates reabsorbtion of Na+ (salt) and disposes of K+ in urine
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| -Glucocorticoids (of adrenal CORTEX) | keep blood glucose levels constant & maintain blood pressure. Under stress, theres a rise in these & glucose forms from fats/proteins to save glucose for brain. Excessive levels= depress cartilage/bone formation & inflammatory/immune responses(cortisone)
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| -Gonadocorticoids (of adrenal CORTEX) | sex hormones; produces androgen that are converted to testosterone (men) or estrogen (women)
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| Adrenal Medulla (of adrenal gland) | secretes 2 "excitatory" hormones; these are short term stress responses (aka fight or flight)
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| 2 Excitatory Hormones (of adrenal MEDULLA) | Epinephrine (aka adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (aka noradrenaline; modified ganglionic sympathetic neurons; these hormones are classified as CATECHOLAMINES
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| Pineal Gland | produces MELATONIN, contraceptions rise/fall in a diurnal (day/night) cycle...peak levels at night. Influenced by intensity of daylight
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| Gonads | primary sex organs; Testes produce testosterone, ovaries produce estrogen and progesterones (female hormones)
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| Heart | Secondary Endocrine Structure/// specialized cardiac muscle cells secrete Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)= increases Na+ in urine= reduces blood volume and pressure
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| Kidneys | Secondary Endocrine Structure/// produce two hormones 1) Erythropietin: signals bone marrow to increase production of red blood cells. 2) Renin: initiates mechanism that leads to release of aldosterone= increase in blood volume/pressure
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| Thymus | Secondary Endocrine Structure/// located in chest; decreases in size throughout adulthood; hormones involved in normal development of T-cells for an immune response
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| GI Tract | Secondary Endocrine Structure/// 1) enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones (i.e in response to food)
2) Gastrin stimulates the release of HcL in stomach
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| Skin | Secondary Endocrine Structure/// cholecalciferol (inactive form of vitamin D) when exposed to UV radiation. Active form is essential for absorption (signals intestine) of calcium
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| Adipose Tissue | Secondary Endocrine Structure/// leptin= tells body how much stored energy (fat) is available. Increased weight= increased leptin in blood and vice versa. Binds to CNS neurons and suppresses appetite (satiety hormone); increases energy expenditure
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| Skeleton | Secondary Endocrine Structure/// osteoblasts secrete osteocalcin which stimulates pancreas beta cells to secrete more insulin. Reduces glucose and body fat
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