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Endocrine System
Anatomy, for final lab practical
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Glucagon | aka Alpha cells, signals liver to break down glycogen and release glucose when levels are low |
| Insulin | aka Beta cells, lowers blood glucose/sugar levels when too high. Signal storage of glucose (as glycogen)in the liver |
| Diabetes Mellitus | lack of insulin (hyposecretion)or insulin resistance that leads to high blood sugar |
| Master Control Center | Hypothalamus |
| Endocrine Glands | secretes aqueous fluid inside extracellular space and blood; ductless; can act at a distance |
| Hypothalamus and Pituitary | form control system and major link between Nervous System (neurons) and Endocrine System (hormones) |
| 3 Types of Stimuli that Hormones are released in response to | 1) Humoral 2) Neural 3) Hormonal |
| Hormonal Stimuli | Hypothalamus secretes hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones |
| Amino Acid based Hormones | EXCEPT for thyroid hormone, all amino acid based hormones are water soluble (cannot enter target cells; act on receptors in plasma membrane and use 2nd messengers) |
| Steroid based Hormones | all steroid based hormones (plus thyroid hormone) are lipid soluble, meaning they can cross the plasma membrane into the cell and activate intracellular receptors |
| Hypothalamus | produces 2 NEUROhormones -oxytocin -antidiuretic (ADH) These hormones are stored and released in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
| Anterior Pituitary | produces 6 hormones 1) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 2) Growth Hormone (GH) 3) Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) 4)Prolactin (PRL) Gonadotrophins 5) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) 6) Luthenizing Hormone (LH) |
| 2 Pituitary Hormones that act on NON ENDOCRINE organs | 1) Growth Hormone 2) Prolactin -NON TROPIC |
| What type are Anterior Pituitary Hormones (4 of the 6) | 4 out of 6 are Tropic Hormones= stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones |
| Oxytocin [1/8] | **produced in hypothalamus, stored/released by posterior pituitary**. Activates uterine contractions and helps control lactation (both positive feedback) |
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) [2/8] | **produced in hypothalamus, stored/released by posterior pituitary** major regulator of water balance in body; released when water needs to be stored, meaning less water in urine |
| Growth Hormone (GH) [3/8] | **Produced and released by Anterior Pituitary, regulated by hypothalamus** Acts on non endocrine organs; targets are bone & skeletal muscle; regulated by GHRH/GHIH of hypothalamus Too much=Gigantism or Acromegaly(hands/feet big) Too little=dwarfism |
| Prolactin (PRL) [4/8] | **Produced and released by Anterior Pituitary, regulated by hypothalamus** Acts on non endocrine organs; stimulates lactation; targets mammary gland/breasts |
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) [5/8] | **Produced and released by Anterior Pituitary, regulated by hypothalamus** development and secretory activity of thyroid gland |
| Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) [6/8] | **Produced and released by Anterior Pituitary, regulated by hypothalamus** deals with external and internal factors, i.e fevers and stresses (think, adreno=adrenaline!) |
| Thyroid Hormones Secreted by Gland [1/2] | Thyroid Hormone= directly regulates cellular/body metabolism; tells mitochondria to make energy; increased thyroid hormone release=increased metabolic activity |
| Thyroid Hormones Secreted by Gland [2/2] | Calcitonin= lowers calcium levels in blood; stimulates calcium uptake in blood (stops osteoclasts); antagonist is parathyroid hormone |
| Hyperthyroidism | aka Graves Disease |
| Hypothyroidism | aka Hashimoto's Disease; leads to goiter and cretinism; area becomes swollen and inflamed |
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) | increases blood concentration of calcium by stimulating osteoclasts which break down bone and release calcium into blood stream. Too much secretion= weak bones. Promotes activation of vitamin D by kidneys. Too much= kidney stones |
| Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands | renal= kidneys, these are found above them. 2 endocrine glands in one 1) Adrenal Cortex (external): glandular, corticosteroids 2) Adrenal medulla (internal): autonomic/sympathetic nervous system |
| Adrenal Cortex (of adrenal gland) | long term stress; 3 layers/hormones |
| -Mineralcorticoids (of adrenal CORTEX) | regulation of mineral salt levels/ balance of extracellular fluid; produces ALDOSTERONE= regulation of salt levels; aldosterone stimulates reabsorbtion of Na+ (salt) and disposes of K+ in urine |
| -Glucocorticoids (of adrenal CORTEX) | keep blood glucose levels constant & maintain blood pressure. Under stress, theres a rise in these & glucose forms from fats/proteins to save glucose for brain. Excessive levels= depress cartilage/bone formation & inflammatory/immune responses(cortisone) |
| -Gonadocorticoids (of adrenal CORTEX) | sex hormones; produces androgen that are converted to testosterone (men) or estrogen (women) |
| Adrenal Medulla (of adrenal gland) | secretes 2 "excitatory" hormones; these are short term stress responses (aka fight or flight) |
| 2 Excitatory Hormones (of adrenal MEDULLA) | Epinephrine (aka adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (aka noradrenaline; modified ganglionic sympathetic neurons; these hormones are classified as CATECHOLAMINES |
| Pineal Gland | produces MELATONIN, contraceptions rise/fall in a diurnal (day/night) cycle...peak levels at night. Influenced by intensity of daylight |
| Gonads | primary sex organs; Testes produce testosterone, ovaries produce estrogen and progesterones (female hormones) |
| Heart | Secondary Endocrine Structure/// specialized cardiac muscle cells secrete Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)= increases Na+ in urine= reduces blood volume and pressure |
| Kidneys | Secondary Endocrine Structure/// produce two hormones 1) Erythropietin: signals bone marrow to increase production of red blood cells. 2) Renin: initiates mechanism that leads to release of aldosterone= increase in blood volume/pressure |
| Thymus | Secondary Endocrine Structure/// located in chest; decreases in size throughout adulthood; hormones involved in normal development of T-cells for an immune response |
| GI Tract | Secondary Endocrine Structure/// 1) enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones (i.e in response to food) 2) Gastrin stimulates the release of HcL in stomach |
| Skin | Secondary Endocrine Structure/// cholecalciferol (inactive form of vitamin D) when exposed to UV radiation. Active form is essential for absorption (signals intestine) of calcium |
| Adipose Tissue | Secondary Endocrine Structure/// leptin= tells body how much stored energy (fat) is available. Increased weight= increased leptin in blood and vice versa. Binds to CNS neurons and suppresses appetite (satiety hormone); increases energy expenditure |
| Skeleton | Secondary Endocrine Structure/// osteoblasts secrete osteocalcin which stimulates pancreas beta cells to secrete more insulin. Reduces glucose and body fat |
Created by:
KAzetapi
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