Chapter 15
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| How is sensation different from perceptions? | ~sensations are both conscious and subconscious detections of the internal body homeostasis and external environment
~ reaches the cerebral cortex and become consciously aware of the stimulus
~ touch, pain, hearing, or taste
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| How are perceptions different from sensations? | ~perception interprets sensations and all conscious awareness
~ never reaches the cerebral cortex to become aware of the stimulus
~ uses other parts of the brain to fix the problem
~ blood pressure
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| How does general sense differ from special senses? | ~refer to both visceral and somatic senses
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| How does special senses differ from general sense? | ~include sensory modalities of smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium
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| How does somatic senses differ from visceral senses? | ~somatic sense are the sense of touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle, warm, cold, nonmoving and movement of the limbs
~tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive sensations
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| How does visceral senses differ from somatic senses? | provide info on the conditions within the internal organs
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| Where are some somatic sensory receptors located? | ~ vagina, anus, and mouth
~ muscles, tendons, and joints
~ inner ear
*HYPODERMIS OR SKIN*
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| How are somatic sensory receptors distributed in the body surfaces? | ~ distributed unevenly
~ some parts are densely populated with receptors
~ some parts only contain a few receptors
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| Where are the highest density somatic sensory receptors located? | ~ tongue, lips, and fingers
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| What are the four modalities of somatic sensations? | ~ thermal, tactile, pain, and proprioceptive
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| Somatic sensations that arise from the skin surface are called what? | ~cutaneous sensations
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| Cutaneous Sensations are what? | ~Somatic sensations that arise from the skin surface
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| What are proprioceptors? | ~ provide information about body position, muscle length/tension, and the position/movement of joints
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| Where are proprioceptors located? | ~ muscles, tendons, joints, and inner ear
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| Referred pain is different from somatic localization by what? | ~ the pain is felt in/just deep to the skin that overlies the stilted organ
~ in a surface area far from the stimulated organ
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| Somatic localization is caused when? | ~ sensation appears to come from a larger area of the skin
~ categorized as "fast pain"
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| What is categorized as "fast pain"? | ~ somatic localization
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| Referred pain is considered what? | ~ visceral pain
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| What are proprioceptive sensations? | ~ knowing where your head or limbs are located
~ what make us able to walk and go about without looking at it
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| What do Ascending pathways contain? | thousands of first-order neurons, second-order neurons, and third-order neurons
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| 1st-order neurons do what in regards to ascending pathway? | ~ Go from receptor to spinal cord or brain stem -- cell cody in dorsal/posterior root ganglion
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| 2nd-order neurons do what in regards to ascending pathway? | ~ spinal colum/brain stem to thalamus-- cell body in spinal cord/brain stem gray matter
*CROSS OVER TO OTHER SIDE*
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| 3rd-order neuron do what in regards to ascending pathway? | ~ go from thalamus to appropriate cerebral cortex somatosensory area-- cell body in thalamus (relay station)
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| The Descending Pathway contains what? | upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron
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| Upper motor neuron does what in regards to the descending pathway? | crosses over from cerebral cortex to lower motor neuron -- cell body in cerebral cortex/ brain stem nuclei
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| Lower motor neuron does what in regards to the descending pathway? | brain stem/spinal cord to skeletal muscles through ventral root -- cell body in brain stem nuclei or anterior horn gray matter of spinal cord
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| What is the function of the olfactory receptors? | respond to the chemical stimulation of an odorant molecule by producing a generator potential, initiating the olfactory response
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| What is the function of the gustatory receptors? | chemical sense with distinguishing sour, sweet, salty, bitter, and umami when eating food
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| What is the structure of the olfactory receptors? |
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| What is the structure of gustatory receptors? |
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| How does taste and smell function together? | ~ memory of smell better can help with the identification of objects
~ 75-80% of "taste" is actually smell--- influenced by texture and temperature
~ odor/taste can distinguish if something is disgusting/ negative attribute with it
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| What is the pathway olfactory receptors take? | 1.receptor bipolar neuron
2.olfactory bulb
3.CN I
4.olfactory sensory are of temporal lobe cerebral cortex
5.prefrontal asso. are
6.insula
7.limbic system&hypothalamus
8. 1,000 different kinds of receptors
9. 10,000 different odors
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| What is the pathway gustatory receptors take? | 1. taste bud
2.CN VII, IX, X
3.medulla oblongata
4.thalamus: consious
5.gustaory sensory area of parietal lobe cerebral cortex
6. prefrontal association area-identification
7.insula-taste evaluation
8. limbic system&hypothalamus
9.different taste
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| What is the structure of the eye? |
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| What is the function of the eye? |
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| What does the fibrous tunic contain? | contains cornea and sclera
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| What does the vascular tunic contain? | contains the choroid, ciliary body, iris
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| Structure of the cavities/chambers? |
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| Function of the cavities/chambers? |
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| What does the nervous tunic contain | retina, central fovea & macula lutea, otic disc
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