MedTerm9
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| hilum | indentation in the medial side of each kidney where the renal artery enters and the renal vein and ureter exit
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| major calyx | where several minor calices drain urine into
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| minor calyx | an area that collects urine
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| renal pelvis | large, funnel-shaped area within each kidney. it collects urine from the major calices and then narrows to become the ureter
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| ureter | tube that carries urine from the pelvis of the kidney to the bladder
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| peristalsis | process of smooth muscle contractions that move urine through the ureter
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| vesical | pertaining to the bladder
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| rugae | folds in the mucosa of the bladder that disappear as the bladder fills with urine
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| urethral meatus | opening to the outside of the body at the end of the urethra
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| external urethral sphincter | muscular ring in the urethra. it can be consciously controlled to release or hold back urine
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| prostate | gland that is part of the male reproductive system
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| glomerulus | network of intertwining capillaries within the glomerular capsule; filtration takes place there
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| proximal convoluted tubule | tubule of the nephron that begins at the glomerular capsule and ends at the nephron loop. reabsorption takes place there
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| nephron | microscopic functional unit of the kidney
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| nephron loop | tubule of the nephron that is u-shaped; begins at the proximal convoluted tubule and ends at the distal convoluted tubule; reabsorption takes place there
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| micturition | passing water
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| glomerulonephritis | inflammation of the glomerulus and kidney
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| hydronephrosis | condition of water or fluid in the kidneys
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| nephrolithiasis | state of a kidney stone
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| diabetic nephropathy | involves progressive damage to the glomeruli because of diabetes mellitus
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| nephroptosis | state of prolapsing in the kidney
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| ascites | a grossly enlarged, fluid-distended abdomen
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| polycystic kidney disease | disease pertaining to many semi-solid cysts of the kidney
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| pyelonephritis | inflammation of the renal pelvis kidney
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| acute renal failure | occurs suddenly and is usually due to trauma, sever blood loss, or overwhelming infection
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| chronic renal failure | begins with renal insufficiency, followed by gradual worsening with progressive damage to the kidneys from chronic, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or glomerulonephritis
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| uremia | an excessive amount of the waste product urea in the blood because of renal failure
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| interstitial cystitis | chronic, progressive infection in which the bladder mucosa becomes extremely irritated and red, with bleeding
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| cystocele | a hernia in the bladder
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| neurogenic bladder | urinary retention due to a lack of innervation of the nerves of the bladder
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| urinary retention | inability to empty the bladder because of an obstruction, never damage, or as a side effect of certain drugs
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| vesicovaginal fistula | formation of an abnormal passageway connecting the bladder to the vagina
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| epispadias | congenital condition in which the female urethral meatus is in an abnormal location near the clitoris, or the male urethral is in an abnormal location on the upper surface of the shaft of the penis
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| urethritis | inflammation or infection of the urethra
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| proteinuria | condition where there is protein in the urine
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| anuria | absence of urine production by the kidneys because of acute or chronic renal failure
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| bacteriuria | presence of bacteria in the urine
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| dysuria | difficult or painful urination
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| enuresis | involuntary release of urine in an otherwise normal person who should have bladder control
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| glucosuria | glucose in the urine
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| hematuria | blood in the urine
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| incontinence | inability to voluntarily keep urine in the bladder
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| ketonuria | ketone bodies in the urine
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| nocturia | increased frequency and urgency of urination during the night
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| oliguria | decreased production of urine due to kidney failure
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| polyuria | excessive production of urine due to diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus
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| pyuria | WBCs in the urine, indicating a urinary tract infection
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| blood urea nitrogen | measures the amount of urea. used to monitor kidney function and the progression of kidney disease or to watch for signs of nephrotoxicity in patients taking aminoglycoside antibiotic drugs
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| culture and sensitivity | puts urine onto culture medium in a petri dish to identify the cause of a urinary tract infection.
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| leukocyte esterase | detects esterase, an enzyme associated with leukocytes and a urinary tract infection.
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| 24-hour creatinine clearance | collects all urine for 24 hours to measure the total amount of creatinine "cleared" by the kidneys
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| urinalysis | describes the urine and detects substances in it
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| specific gravity | measurement of the concentration of the urine as compared to that of water
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| acidic | has a pH lower than 7
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| alkaline | has a pH higher than 7
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| urinometer | handheld instrument that uses light rays that are bent by a thin layer of urine spread on glass
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| intravenous pyelography | uses x-rays and radiopaque contrast dye. records the renal pelvis
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| nephrotomography | uses a CAT scan and radiopaque contrast dye injected intravenously. takes x-ray images as multiple slices through the kidney
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| renal angiography | uses x-rays and radiopaque contrast dye. the dye flows through the blood into the renal artery and outlines the renal artery to show an obstruction or blockage
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| renal scan | uses radioactive isotopes that are injected intravenously. it is taken up by the kidney and emits radioactive particles that are captured by a scanner and made into an image
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| voiding cystourethrogram | uses x-rays and radiopaque dye. the dye is inserted into the bladder through a catheter and outlines the bladder and urethra. the x-ray image is taken while the patient is urinating.
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| catherterization | procedure where a catheter is inserted through the urethra and into the bladder to drain the urine
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| suprapubic catheter | inserted through the abdominal wall and into the bladder
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| hemodialysis | uses a shunt or a fistula to allow easy and reliable access to the blood
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| peritoneal dialysis | uses a permanent catheter inserted through the abdominal wall
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| cystoscopy | uses a rigid or flexible cystoscope inserted through the urethra in order to examine the bladder
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| nephrectomy | procedure to surgically remove a diseased or cancerous kidney
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| lithotripsy | uses sound waves to break up a kidney stone
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| nephrolithotomy | procedure in which a small incision is made in the skin and an endoscope is inserted in a percutaneous approach into the kidney to remove a kidney stone embedded in the renal pelvis or calices
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| transurethral resection of a bladder tumor | procedure to remove a bladder tumor from inside the bladder
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| diuretic | blocks sodium from being absorbed from the tubule back into the blood
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| antispasmodic | relaxes the smooth muscle in the walls of the ureter, bladder, and urethra
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| urinary analegesic | exerts a pain-relieving effect on the mucosa of the urinary tract
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| ARF | acute renal failure
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| BUN | blood urea nitrogen
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| C & S | culture and sensitivity
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| CRF | chronic renal failure
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| cysto | cystoscopy
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| ESRD | end-stage renal disease
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| ESWL | extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
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| GU | genitourinary gonococcal urethritis
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| HCTZ | hydrochlorothiazide (drug)
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| I & O | intake and output
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| IVP | intravenous pyelography
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| KUB | kidneys, ureters, bladder
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| Sp gr, SG | specific gravity
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| TNTC | too numerous to count
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| UA | urinalysis
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| UTI | urinary tract infection
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