The Urinary System
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| Urine contains | waste products of metabolism
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| The kidneys secrete the hormone erythropoietin, which functions to | increase the rate of red blood cell production
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| Urine reaches the urinary bladder through the | ureters
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| Which is not a major function of the kidney | regulation of blood cell size
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| Which of the following is a common nitrogenous waste product normally excreted by the kidneys | urea
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| The portion of the kidney the contains loops of Henle and collecting tubules is called the | renal pyramids
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| Which is the correct order of filtrate flow | glomerular apsule, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule (DCT), collecting duct
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| Which structure of the nephron reabsorbs the most substances | proximal convoluted tubule
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| This is the structure of the nephron that filters blood | glomerular capsule (glomerulus)
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| This is a nephron process that results in a substance entering the already formed filtrate | secretion
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| This occurs when stretching triggers contraction of smooth muscle walls in afferent arterioles | myogenic mechanism
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| This is when a substance passes from the fluid in the tubular lumen through the apical membrane then across the cytosol into the interstitial fluid | transcellular reabsorption
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| The proximal convoluted tubules reabsorb what percentage of filtered water | 65%
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| Which of the following is a way angiotensin II affects the GFR after the release of renin | all of the preceding
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| Urea recycling can cause a build up of urea in the | renal medulla
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| Increased secretion of aldosterone would result in a ____ of blood ____ | increase, sodium
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| The ascending loop of Henle is impermeable to | water
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| An analysis of the physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine is called | urinalysis
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| Water accounts for what percentage of the total volume of urine | 95%
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| This is a test to measure kidney function | plasma creatinine
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| This transports urine from the kidney to the bladder | ureter
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| This lies in the anterior corner of the trigone of the bladder | internal urethral orifice
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| Which of the following are not secreted into the tubular fluid | glucose
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| This hormone released by the heart acts to reduce blood Na+ and lower blood volume and pressure thus reducing the GFR | atrial natriuretic peptide
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| Urine leaves the urinary bladder through the | urethra
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| Fenestrations are associated with the | glomerulus
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| The kidneys help control blood pressure by the secretion of | renin
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| Sodium is moved out of the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule and into the interstitial fluid by the process of | active transport
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| In renal interstitial fluid | sodium chloride concentration increases from cortex to medulla
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| Filtration of blood | occurs in the glomerulus
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| The loop of Henle is associated with | reabsorption
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| Which of the following molecules cannot pass the filtration membranes in the kidneys | large proteins
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| The normal kidneys are only about ____ as effective at the age of 70 as they are at age 40 | 50%
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| Reabsorption is the movement of molecules from the ____ into the ____ | renal tubules, peritubular capilliaries
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| Very little water reabsorption occurs in the | thick ascending loop of Henle
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| Sodium ions move through the apical membranes of principal cells of the collecting duct by | diffusion
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| Glomerular filtrate is produced as a result of | blood hydrostatic pressure
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| The external opening of the urinary system is the | external urethral orifice
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| The visceral layer of Bowman's capsule is covered with specialized cells called | podocytes
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| Increased sodium and chloride ion concentrations in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla are the result of | countercurrent mechanism
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| Renal blood pressure remains fairly constant due to the function of the | juxtaglomerular apparatus
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| Chloride ions are actively reabsorbed from the | thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
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| Potassium ions are actively secreted into the tubular fluid of the | distal convoluted tubule
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| Blood evaluation reveals high levels of ceatinine, urea, uric acid, and potassium. Family members report failure to urinate, even though the patient consumed a fairly large quantity of water during the day. The patient is experiencing | renal failure
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| The process by which water is reabsorbed by the following solutes when the solutes are reabsorbed is called | obligatory water reabsorption
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| Which layer of the endothelial-capsular membrane prevents red blood cells from leaving the blood, but allows all components of the blood plasma to pass through | fenestrated endothelial cells
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| Normally, net filtration pressure in the kidney is about | 10 mmHg
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| In the process of renal auto regulation, when the juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes less vasoconstrictor substance | the afferent aterioles dilate, increasing glomerular filtration rate
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| Which of the following chemicals is an enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular apparatus | renin
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| Glucose enters the proximal convoluted tubule cells by _____ and leaves the cell into the interstitial fluid by ___ | sodium ion-glucose symporters, facilitated diffusion
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| The main regulator of facultative water reabsorption is | antidiuretic hormone
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| Ions, but not water, are reabsorbed from the tubular fluid in the ascending loop of Henle. Therefore, the osmolarity of the fluid entering the distal convoluted tubule is | less than blood
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| The most important solutes that contribute to the high osmolarity of the interstitial fluid in the renal medulla are | sodium ions,chloride ions, and urea
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| The substance inulin is useful for determining glomerular filtration rate (GFR) because it is | filtered and secreted
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| The urinary bladder in the female lies inferior to the | uterus
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| The color of urine is due to the presence of a chemical called | urochome
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| This cell junction structure prohibits mixing of the various transporters on either of the apical or basolateral membranes of tubule cells. However they allow important ions to pass via the paracellular route- ____ ____ | tight junctions
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| The more technical term for "urination" or "voiding" is ____. When working with some patients one might have to use the colloquial word ____, a term used for young children and some uneducated adults | mictuition, pee
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| Along with the openings in the basement membrane, the diameter of these two "openings: determine the size of molecules that can pass through the filtration membrane- ____ and ____ | fenestrations, filtration slits
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| In what disease condition is the transport maximum (Tm) of the Na+ glucose transporter in the apical membranes of the cells of the proximal tubule exceeded ____ ____ What is the resulting condition of its presence in urine called ____ | diabetes melitus, glucosuria
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| Name one important cation in the filtrate that is normally completely reabsorbed, but appears in variable amounts in the urine- ____ | K+
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| A lack of voluntary control of micturition is called _____ | incontinence
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| The primary method of transport of urine from the renal pelvis, through the ureters, and into the urinary bladder is by a muscular activity called ____ | peristalsis
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| Modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole | Juxtaglomerular cells
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| Pores in the glomerular endothelial cells that allow filtration of blood solutes, but not proteins and formed elements | Fenestrations
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| Cells in the last portion of the distal convoluted tubule regulated by ADH and aldosterone | Principal cells
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| Can secrete H+ against concentration gradient | Intercalated cells
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| Site of obligatory water reabsorption | Proximal convoluted tubule
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| The capillary network lying inside the glomerular capsule and functioning in filtration | Glomerulus
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| Drains into a collecting duct | Distal convoluted tubule
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| The functional unit of the kidney | Nephron
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| The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule consisting of modified simple squamous epithelial cells | Podocytes
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| Name for the combined glomerulus and glomerular capsule where plasma is filtered | Renal corpuscle
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| Cells of the final portion of the loop of Henle that make contact with the afferent arteriole | Macula densa
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| Kidneys receive about 20 to 25% of the resting cardiac output via the renal arteries | True
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| The loops of Henle tubules of juxtamedulllary nephrons have vasa capillaries around them | True
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| Principal cells respond to ADH by making the membrane more permeable to water in the lumen of the end of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting dutcs | True
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| When more facultative water is reabsorbed in the dotal convoluted tubule, the volume of urine increases | False
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| An increase in the level of activity of renal sympathetic nerves that release norepinephrine cause an increase in the GFR | False
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| Diuretics have their effects by interfering with the reabsorption of water | True
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| Parathyroid hormone stimulates the reabsorption of Ca++ in the early distal convoluted tubule | True
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| In most situations, osmosis is responsible for water movements in the tubular reabsorption | True
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| Aldosterone causes an increase in the reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- by the principal cells thereby serving to increase urine output and decreasing blood volume | False
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| When dilute urine is being formed, the osmolarity of the tubular fluid increases as it flows down the descending limb of the loop of Henle, decreases as it flows up the ascending limb, and continues to decrease as it flows through the rest of the nephron | True
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| The GFR normally increases proportionally when the systemic blood pressure increases | False
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| An increase in the capsular hydrostatic pressure would be expected to decrease the GFR | True
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| If considerable amounts of blood albumin were to be found in the urine, this would increase the GFR | True
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| The visceral layer of Bowman's capsule consists of podocytes with pedicels producing filtration slits resting on the basal lamina | True
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| The macula dense is a part of the wall of the distal end of the loop of Henle that lies adjacent to juxtaglomerular cells and the wall of the afferent arteriole as it enters Bowman's capsule | True
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| It is appropriate to use the term "dialysis" when referring to the mechanism by which the kidney removes waste substances | False
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| The capsular hydrostatic pressure is normally higher than the blood colloid osmotic pressure in the calculation of the her filtration pressure | False
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| In reabsorption, if the transport maximum of a substance is exceeded, that substance is likely to appear in the urine | True
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| The normal osmolarity of blood is about 1200 mOsm/liter | False
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| The physiological maximum osmolarity of human concentrated urine is about 1200 mOsm/liter | True
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| Can result with damage to the filtration membranes | Albuminuria
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| Lack voluntary control of micturition | Incontinence
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| Usually indicates a pathological condition | Hematuria
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| Can result from diabetes melitus | Glucouria
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| Produced from the catabolism of creatine phosphate in skeletal muscle | Plasma creatinine
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| Insoluble stones of crystallized salts | Renal calculi
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| Volume of blood that is cleared of a substance per unit of time | Renal plasma clearance
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| Measure of blood nitrogen resulting from the catabolism and deamination of amino acids | BUN test
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| Enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells | Renin
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| Stimulates cells in the distal convoluted tubule to reabsorb more calcium into the blood | Parathyroid hormone
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| Transport protein that reabsorbs Na+ together with a variety of other solutes | Na+ syporters
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| Regulates facultative water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts | ADH
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| Membrane proteins that function as water channels | Aquaporins
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| A secondary active transport process that achieves Na+ reabsorption, returns filtered HCO3- and water to the peritubular capillaries, and secrets H+ | Na+/H+ antiporters
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| Inhibits Na+ and H2O reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts | Atrial natriuretic peptide
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| Enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells | Renin
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| Stimulates principal cells to secrete more K+ into the tubular fluid and absorb more Na+ and Cl- into the tubular fluid | Aldosterone
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| Reduces glomerular filtration rate; increases blood volume and pressure | Angiotensin II
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