A & P II Chapter 14 The urinary system
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| Afferent glomerular arterioles | Arterioles that carry blood into the renal corpuscles glomerulus
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| Bowman's capsule | Part of the renal corpuscle that surrounds the glomerulus
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| Collecting ducts | in the kidney that collect fluid from the distal convoluted tubules and carry it to the renal pelvis
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| Distal convoluted tubule | the last tubular part of the nephron before it enters the collecting duct
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| Efferent glomerular arterioles | Arterioles that carry blood away from the glomerulus after it has been filtered in the renal corpuscle
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| Glomerular capillaries | The tuft of capillaries at the center of the renal corpuscle
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| Glomerular capillaries | Urine production begins when plasma is filtered out of the capillaries and into Bowman's capsular
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| Glomerulus | The tuft of capillaries at the center of the renal corpuscle. AKA glomerular capillaries
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| Hilus of the kidney | The indented area on the medial sides of the kidneys where blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and the ureters enter and leave the kidney
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| Kidney | The organ responsible for removing soluble waste from the blood stream through the process of urine.
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| Nephron | The basic functioning unit of the kidney
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| Peritubular capillaries | Capillaries in the network that surrounds the tubular part of the nephron of the kidney
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| Peritubular capillaries | eventually converge to form the renal vein.
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| Peritubular capillaries | are involved in the processes of tubular secretion and re-absorption
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| Proximal convoluted tubule | The first part of the nephron of the kidney nephron.
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| Renal Artery | The branch of the abdominal aorta that carries blood to the kidney. It enters the kidney at the hilus.
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| Renal capsule | Outer fibrous covering of the kidney
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| Renal corpuscle | The first structure of the nephron. It consists of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.
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| Renal cortex | The outer portion of the kidney where renal corpuscles and the convoluted tubules of the nephrons are located
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| Renal medulla | The inner portion of the kidney where the loop of Henle makes its U-turn and collecting ducts travel to the renal pelvis
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| Renal pelvis | The collecting point for urine as it leaves the collecting tubules before entering the ureters
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| Renal vein | The vein that carries purified blood away from the kidneys to the caudal vena cava
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| right kidney is | more cranial
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| kidney functions | maintain homeostasis
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| kidneys maintain homeostasis through | filtration, reabsorption, secretion
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| kidneys maintain homeostasis through | fluid and acid-base balance regulation
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| kidneys maintain homeostasis through | production of hormones
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| renal pelvis | funnel-shaped area inside hilus
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| renal pelvis | forms beginning of the ureter
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| renal pelvis | lined with transitional epithelium
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| thick layer of perirenal fat | usually surrounds the kidneys
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| perirnal fat | protects kidneys from the pressure exerted by surrounding organs
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| renal cortex | outer portion of the kidney
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| renal medulla | inner portion around the renal pelvis
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| calyx | cuplike extension of the renal pelvis into which the medullary pyramids fit
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| calyces act as funnels | to direct fluid into renal pelvis
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| each nephron consists of | a renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule
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| renal corpuscle located in | renal cortex
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| renal corpuscle function is | to filter blood in first stage of urine production
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| renal corpuscle is composed of | glomerulus tuft of capillaries
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| renal corpuscle fluid filtered out of blood is called | glomerular filtrate
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| proximal convoluted tubule is the continuation of | capsular space of Bowman's capsule
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| proximal convoluted tubule is lined with | cuboidal epithelial cells with a brush border on the lumen side
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| PCT is a continuations of | capsular space of Bowman's capsule
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| PCT is lined with | cuboidal epithelial cells with a brush boarder
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| PCT | twisting path through the cortex
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| Glomerular filtrate in the PCT tubule | is called tubular filtrate
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| Loop of Henle | descends from PCT into medulla, turns, heads upward into cortex
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| Loop of Henle descends from PCT into medulla then | makes a U-turn and heads upward into the cortex
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| descending loop has epithelial cells similar | to those of PCT
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| at the bottom of the loop of Henle the cells are | flat simple squamous epithelial cells and lose their brush boarder
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| Ascending loop wall becomes | thicker
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| Distal convoluted tubule is a continuation of | the ascending Loop of Henle
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| Distal convoluted tubule from all nephrons in the kidney | empty into collecting ducts
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| DCT | carry tubular filtrate through medulla
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| What empties into the renal pelvis | distal convoluted tubule
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| primary site of action of ADH and regulation of potassium an pH (acid-base balance) | occur in the distal convoluted tubule
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| How does the blood supply enter the kidney | through the renal artery at the hilus
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| Afferent glomerular arteriole | carry blood into the glomerular capillaries of renal corpusule
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| Glomerular capillaries filter some of the plasma of the blood and | put it in the capsular space of Bowman's capsule
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| Efferent glomerular arterioles | receive blood from glomerular capillaries
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| Efferent glomerular arteries divide to form the | peritubular capillaries
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| peritubular capillaries surround | the rest of the neuron
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| Oxygen transfer to the cells of the nephron takes place in | the peritubular capillaries
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| tubular reabsorption and secretion takes place | in the peritubular capillaries
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| peritubular capillaries converge to form | venules
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| venules form | larger veins in the peritubular
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| larger veins form | the renal vein
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| the renal vein leaves the kidney at the hilus and joins | the abdominal portion of the caudal vena cava
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| glomerular capillaries contain many large | fenestrations in capillary endothelium
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| fenestrations are not large enough to allow | blood cells or large proteins to pass through
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| high blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries forces some | plasma out of the capillaries and into the capsular space of Bowman's capsule
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| glomerular filtration rate is | how fast plasma is filtered through glomerulus
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| Bowman's space around the glomerulus and | inside Bowman's capsule
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| Plasma like fluid is filtered from capillary blood into bloodstream | through glomerular filtration membrane
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| The glomerular filtration membrane consists of | 3 layers
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| The layers of the glomerular filtration membrane are | endothelium, basement membrane, epithelial podocytes
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| the fluid that is filtered through the glomerular filtration membrane is called | filtrate and forms the primary urine
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| the filtrate then diffuses across | Bowman's space
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| from Bowman's space the filtrate goes | to the tubule system of the nephron
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| in the tubules some substances are added to the filtrate | as part of the urine formation and some substances are re-absorbed
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| substances that are re-absorbed out of the filtrate and | back into the blood
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| the nephron tubule is divided into 4 segments; they are | proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting tubes
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| proximal convoluted tubule is where almost | all of the absorption of nutritional substances takes place
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| loop of Henle | re-absorbs water and ions from the urine and plays a role in controlling the concentration of urine
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| distal convoluted tubule | regulates potassium, sodium and pH and where further dilution of the urine take place
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| collecting tubules | joins with several tubules to collect the filtrate and where final sodium regulation takes place
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| each kidney is supplied with blood by a | single renal artery
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| renal artery enters through | the hilus
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| the hilus | branches off into afferent arterioles
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| blood flows into the glomerulus from | the afferent arterioles
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| blood flows out of the glomerulus thru | the efferent arteriols
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| afferent and efferent arterioles | regulate glomerular capillary pressure by selectively dilating or constricting
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| the kidneys venius blood | is the cleanest blood in the body
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| the kidney venius blood now filtered | flows from the glomerulus via the efferent arterioles
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| from the efferent arterioles the blood goes into | the peritubular capillary network
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| a low pressure re-absorptive system surround | all portions of the tubules
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| low pressure system surrounding tubules allow | rapid movement of solutes and water to move between the fluid in the tubule and the blood in the capillaries
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| the peritubular capillaries re-join to form | the venus channels by which blood leaves the kidneys
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| blood leaves the kidneys and empties into | the inferior vena cava
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| sodium in tubular filtrate attaches to carrier protein | and moves it into the cytoplasm of the proximal convoluted tubules epithelial cell
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| glucose and amino acids attach to the carrier protein as the sodium | and follow sodium into the cell by passive transport
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| sodium is actively pumped out of the cell into interstitial fluid and moves | into peritubular capillaries
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| glucose and amino acids move from the PCT cell into the interstitial fluid | by passive difusion
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| sodium ions are reabsorbed in | the ascending loop of Henle and DCT
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| potassium and calcium reabsorption take place in | the PCT, ascending loop of Henle and DCT
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| calcium moves from the filtrate under the influence | of Vit D, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
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| magnesium is reabsorbed from the PCT, ascending loop of Henle | and the collecting duct
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| parathyroid hormone release increases | the reabsorption of magnesium
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| Chloride diffuses from tubular filtrate | into the epithelial cells and interstitial space
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| Cl- diffuses from filtrate to epithelial cells in response | to electrical imbalance created by Na+ removal
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| secretion primarily occurs in the | distal convoluted tubule
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| hydrogen, potassium and ammonia are eliminated | by secretion
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| some medicines are eliminated | from the body by secretion
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| urine volume regulation | is determined by the amount of water contained in the tubular filtrate when it reaches renal pelvis
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