Structural organization of the cerebral cortex
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| Pyramidal neurons | NT=Glutamate; apical dendrite points to cortex surface; axon points down. III, V, VI
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| Spindle neurons | NT= glutamate; in deep cortical layers; axon points down, leaves cortex; dendrites go to superficial surf. of cortex; VI
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| Granular interneurons | NT=GABA; multiple short neurites; II, IV
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| Cells of Marinotti | NT=glutamate; deepest layer of cortex; AXON POINT UP to superficial cortical layers; VI
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| I | Molecular layer: synaptic layer; extra- intra-cortical axons and dendrites
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| II | External granular layer: granule cells
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| III | External pyramidal layer: pyramidal cells increasing in size as you go deeper
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| IV | Internal granular layer: dense granular cells
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| V | Internal pyramidal layer: large and medium pyramidal cells
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| VI | Multiform layer: variety, pyramidal, spindle, Marinotti cells
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| Homotypical cortex | Has all six layers, including defined internal granular layer (IV)
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| Heterotypical cortex | AGRANULAR CORTEX, almost no int.gran.layer (IV). KONIOCORTEX: granular cortex reduced int. pyramidal (V)layer, but enlarged internal gran. layer (IV)
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| Homotypical cortex example | prefrontal association cortex, stuff anterior to Brodmann 6.
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| Heterotypical cortex example | AGRANULAR: primary motor cortex = Brodmann's area 4. KONIOCORTEX: primary visual cortex, Brodmann 17.
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| Hippocampus | only 3 cortical layers; I, V, and VI
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| Primary sensory areas | Visual, auditory, somatosensory.
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| Sensory association areas | Visual association; auditory association, somatosensory association
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| High order association areas | Parieto-temporal; prefrontal; limbic.
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| Motor association areas | Areas 6 & 8
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| Primary motor regions | Area 4
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| Cortex Inputs | From modality-specific thalamic nuclei; from association thalamic nuclei; from non-specific thalamic nuclei; from brainstem (modulatory monoaminergic & cholinergic); from same hemisphere cortex (association); from other hemisphere cortex (commissural).
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| Modality specific thalamic nuclei | VPL, VPM geniculate nuclei to primary sensory areas; VA and VL nuclei to motor cortex; anterior and lateral dorsal limbic thalamic nuclei to cortical limbic areas.
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| Association thalamic nuclei | Dorsomedial, pulvinar, and posterior nuclei to association cortex (multimodal sensory info)
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| Nonspecific thalamic nuclei | Reticular, intralaminar, midline to most cortical areas (involved in sleep/wakefullness)
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| Brainstem | Modulatory monoaminergic and cholinergic inputs to multiple areas of cortex
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| Association | from same hemi
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| Commissural | from the other hemi
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| Cortex gives rise to: | association/commissural fibers; corticospinal/corticobulbar tracts; corticothalamic fibers; corticostriatal fibers (to basal ganglia); corticohypothalamic fibers.
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| Bulbar | Brainstem
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| Corticostriatal fibers | Cortex -> basal ganglia; sensorymotor, associative, limbic activity.
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| Corticothalamic fibers | Cortex <->thalamic nuclei
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| Corticohypothalamic fibers | Limbic cortex -> hypothalamus
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| (IN) Modality specific and association thalamic nuclei project to | Layer IV (internal granular)
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| (IN) Nonspecific thalamic nuclei project to | diffusely all layers
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| (IN) Modulatory fibers synapse in | different layers depending on origin and area of cortex where they synapse
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| (IN) Association and commisural fibers synapse mostly on | layers I, II, and III.
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| (OUT) Layer V (internal pyramidal) goes to | all subcortical regions EXCEPT thalamus
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| (OUT) Layer VI pyramidal and spindle cells (also has other cells) goes to | thalamus
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| (OUT) Layer II & III (pyramidal cells, even though II is mostly granule cells) goes to | ipsilateral & contralateral cortex
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