Anatomy Practical 2
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| ____ or ____ provides most of the force for a specific movement | Agonist, prime mover
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| _____ opposes or reverses a particular movement | Antagonist
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| _____ adds force to a movement or reduces undesirable or unnecessary movement | Synergist
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| _____ are _____ that immobilize a bone or muscle's origin | Fixators, synergists
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| Lever System: In a __ class system the ___ is between the load and the ___ | 1st, fulcrum, effort
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| Lever System: If the ___ is applied between the ___ and ____ then it is a __ class system | effort, fulcrum, load, 3rd
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| Lever System: If the ___ is between the ___ and the effort, then it is a ____ system. | load, fulcrum, 2nd
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| If the load is ___ from the ___ and the ___ is applied ___ to the fulcrum, then the lever operates at a _____ Because the ___ has to exceed the load and the lever can only move small loads. But it can move them at ___ speed and over a ___ distance. | far, fulcrum, effort, close, mechanical disadvantage, effort, great, long
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| Action of orbicularis oculi | CLOSES the eye
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| Action of zygomaticus | "smile" muscle
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| Action of depressor anguli oris | frown
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| Action of orbicularis oris | closes the mouth/lips and protrudes lips
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| Action of mentalis | "pout" muscle
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| Action of buccinator | keeps food between teeth, whistling, suckling, blowing
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| Action of Platysma | tenses skin of neck and depresses mandible slightly
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| Action of frontalis | raises eyebrows
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| Action of masseter | primary elevators of mandible
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| Action of temporalis | primary elevator of mandible
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| Action of medial and lateral pterygoid | protraction and side to side movement of mandible
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| Action of genioglossus | sticks tongue out/ protracts it
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| Action of hypoglossus | depresses tongue
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| Action of styloglossus | retracts tongue
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| Abdominal muscles work together to ____ the organs of the ____ cavity and to ___ or ____ the trunk. They also help promote any action that needs an increased intraabdominal pressure, such as ____, ____, or ____. | protect, abdominal, flex, rotate, urination, defecation, childbirth
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| 3 Basic Functions of Nervous System: _____: Information gathered by _____ about ___ and ___ changes | Sensory input, sensory receptors, internal, external
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| 3 Basic Functions of Nervous System: _____: ____ of sensory input | Integration center, interpretation
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| 3 Basic Functions of Nervous System: ______: Activation of ____ organs to produce a response | motor output, effector
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| The two subdivisions of the nervous system are the _____ (CNS) and the ______ (PNS). It consists of two parts, the ___ and the _____. | central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, brain, spinal cord
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| The PNS is made up of the ___ and _____ that convey messages to or from the CNS. It has two functional divisions | spinal, cranial nerves
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| The ____ or ____ division carries impulses from either the somatic part of the bodies ie the ___, ___, and ____ (____ afferent fibers), or the internal (visceral) organs (____ afferent fibers) to the CNS | sensory, afferent, skin, skeletal muscles, bones/joints, somatic, visceral
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| The ____ or ____ division carries impulses from CNS to peripheral effectors. Fibers that give us conscious control of ___ muscles form the ___ or ___ nervous system, whereas fibers that innervate ___muscle, ___ muscle, & ___, form the ____ or ____ (ANS) | motor, efferent, skeletal, somatic, voluntary, smooth, cardiac, glands, involuntary, autonomic
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| The autonomic nervous system can be further subdivided into a ____ and ____ division | sympathetic, parasympathetic
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| Two Principle Cell Types: ____ or nerve cells: ___ cells that transmit electrical signals | neurons, excitable
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| Two Principle Cell Types: ___ or glial cells: ____ cells (nonexcitable) | neuroglia, supporting
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| 4 Glial Cells of CNS: | 1) Astrocytes 2) Microglia 3) Ependymal 4) Oligodendrocytes
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| 2 Glial Cells of PNS: | 1) Satellite Cells 2) Schwann cells
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| Astrocytes | Most abundant glial cell; helps determine capillary permeability (binds axons and blood vessels); nourish; maintain ionic concentration (synapses)
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| Microglia | Phagocytizes microorganisms and neuronal debris; migrate toward injured neurons
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| Ependymal | Lines the central cavities of the brain and spinal column; may be ciliated
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| Oligodendrocytes | Processes wrap CNS neve fibers, forming insulating myelin sheath ; branched cells
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| Satellite Cells | surrounds neuron cell bodies inside ganglia in the PNS
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| Schwann Cells | surrounds peripheral nerve fibers and forms myelin sheaths; vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers
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| Bundles of processes are called ___ inside the CNS and ____ outside the CNS | tracts, nerves
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| 3 Types of Neurons based on function: ____ or ____ neurons carry signals from receptors to the CNS | sensory, afferent
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| 3 Types of Neurons based on function: ____ or ____ neurons carry signals from the CNS to the effector | motor, efferent
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| 3 Types of Neurons based on function: ____ neurons or _____ are signal transfer cells inside the CNS | association, interneurons
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| When gated channels ___ ions move through the channel along their _____ gradient. They move ___ a chemical concentration gradient from ___ to ___ concentration or along an electrical gradient towards an ____ electrical charge. | open, electrochemical, down, high, low, opposite
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| Multipolar Neuron | usually one axon with many dendrites; motor and interneurons (association neurons) are these type
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| Unipolar Neuron | aka pseudounipolar, 1 process: peripheral and central process fuse. Sensory neurons are these type
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| Bipolar Neuron | 2 processes: 1 axon, 1 dendrite. Very few in body, found only in eyes and ears
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| Cell Bodies | most found in grey matter (nuclei of CNS), some found in PNS= ganglia
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| Nerves | Bundles of axons (nerve fibers) in PNS
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| Tracts | Bundles of axons (nerve fibers) in the CNS form white matter tracts
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| Sensory cell bodies | Located in ganglion (ganglia=plural)
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| Neuroglia | 10 glia to 1 neuron in brain
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| RMP | Resting membrane potential, what there voltage is at rest (~ -70mV). More K inside cell than out, more NA outside cell than inside. Cell is negative at rest and surrounding outside more positive
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| Potassium in Cell | We leak out more potassium than we "leak in" sodium, which is why outside is more positive and we have negative polarization in cell at rest
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| Depolarization | reduction in membrane potential; less negative than RMP; hyperpolarization is opposite. 1st step of action potential
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| Graded Potentials | localized, short lived/ distance signals.
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| Repolarization | Occurs immediately, along the way, as K+ moves out of cell. During this time K+ dominantly outside and Na+ dominantly inside. Takes ATP (sodium potassium pump) for them to return to rightful place.
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| Axoaxonic | Can send synapse in multiple directions
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| Neuromuscular Junction | where axon and muscle cell meet, space between called synaptic cleft. Vesicles open and release neurotransmitters that bind to receptors
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| AcetoCholine | Neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junction. Binds to muscle cells and allow them to contract. Enzyme called AcetoCholine esterase removes AcH from muscle cell to end contraction
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| Synapse | The way an impulse or info is communicated from one nerve cell to another nerve cell or effector.
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| Types of Synapses: Electrical | Gap junctions
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| Types of Synapses: Chemical | Neurotransmitter vesicle release binds to receptor
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| Pre and Post Synaptic Neurons | The first conducts impulse TOWARD syanpse, the latter conducts it AWAY
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| Excitatory Post Synaptic Potentials | cause depolarization
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| Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potentials | cause hyperpolarization
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