Nervous system and N
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| What are the functions of the CNS | 1) Sensory input
2) integration
3) motor output
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| Central Nervous System includes | 1) brain and spinal cord
2) integration and command center
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| Peripheral Nervous system PNS | 1)spinal and cranial nerves
2)carries messages to and from CNS
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| Sensory Afferent Division of PNS | 1)somatic afferent fibers
2)visceral afferent fibers
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| Somatic afferent fibers | 1) convey impulses from skin , skeletal muscles and joins
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| Motor/ efferent division of PNS | carries impulses from CNS to effector organs
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| MOTOR division of PNS | *somatic/voluntary
*autonomic /involuntary
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| Autonomic/Involuntary Nervous system | 1) sympathetic
2) parasympathetic
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| sympathetic | fight or flight
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| parasympathetic | rest and digest
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| Neurons (nerve cells) | *excitable
*transmit electrical signals
*have a membrane potential
* life long
*amitotic
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| neuroglia ( glial cells) | support cells
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| CNS Neuroglia | 1)Astrocytes
2)oligodendrytes
3)ependymal
4)microglia
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| Astrocytes | * most abundant
* cling to capillaries, neurons, synaptic ends
*determine capillary permeability
*Make up blood, brain barrier
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| microglia | *immunity and defense
towards injured neurons
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| Ependymal cells | * ciliated
*line central cavities of brain and spinal cord
*separate IF from Cerebrospinal fluid
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| oligodendrocytes | *branched
* Myelin sheaths in CNS
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| Satellite cells ( PNS) | * surround cell bodies of PNS
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| Shwann Cells (Neurolemmocytes) | Myelin sheaths in PNS. Outer layer forms the neurilemma
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| Dendrites | *receive input
*branched ( like a tree)
* convey electrical signals towards cell body
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| Nissl Bodies | Rough ER
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| Cell body name | Soma,Perikaryon
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| Axon | Conducting region of a neuron
Generates and transmits AP away from the cell body
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| Terminal Branches (telodendria) | help transmit signal to many places
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| Nodes of Ranvier | gaps between Schwann cells
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| Myelin Sheaths | Protect and electrically insulate the axon
Increase speed of nerve impulse transmission
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| MS is caused by | myelin breakdown
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| Saltatory conduction | signal leaps from one node to the next ( fast)
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| Clusters of cell bodies in CNS | Nuclei
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| Clusters of cell bodies in PNS | Ganglia
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| Bundles of processes (axons) in CNS | Tract
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| Bundles of processes (axons) in PNS | Nerve
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| Axon hillock | cone shaped area from which axon arises
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| Functional classification of neurons | 1)sensory/ afferent
2) interneurons ( association neurons)
3)efferent/motor
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| multipolar neurons | one axon. Many dendrites. Most abundant
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| Bipolar | one axon, one dendrite. Rare . Retina of eye
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| unipolar (pseudounipolar) | single, short process with two branches
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| Resting membrane potential voltage | -70mV
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| Resting state ( polarized) | only leakage channels open. K+ in, Na+ out
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| Depolarization | NA+ channels open.
* Na+ comes in
*inside becomes +
* this increases probability of an AP
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| Repolarization | *Na+ channels close
*K+ channels open
*K+ leaves cell
*internal negativity is restored
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| Ionic Conditions are restored with the.. | NA+, K+ pump
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| Hyperpolarization | inside of membrane becomes more negative.
* reduces probability of an AP
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| Ions move | along electrochemical gradients
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| electrical gradients | move towards opposite charge
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| there are more leakage channels for | K+ so it leaves more during rest
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| mechanically gated channels change in | shape
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| the synaptic cleft prevents | an impulse from being directly transmitted from one neuron to another.
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| pre synaptic neuron | transmits signal towards synapse ( synaptic cleft)
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| post synaptic neuron | transmits signal away from synapse
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| temporal summation | one impulse after another ( rapid fire order)
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| spacial summation | neuron is stimulates by a large number of terminals at the same time
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| Excitatory post synaptic potential | helps cause an action potential
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| Inhibitory post synaptic potential | inhibits AP
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| Absolute refractory period happens during | depolarization
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| relative refractory period happens during | repolarization
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| Knob like axon terminals are also called | synaptic knobs,boutons
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| anterograde | towards axon terminal
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| retrograde | towards the cell body
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| white matter | *myelinated.
*Fast
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| resting membrane potential is defined as | potential difference across the membrane of a resting cell
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| a reduction in membrane potential towards 0 is defined as | depolarization
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| repolarization restores | resting electrical conditions
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| termination of neurotransmitter effect | 1) degradation of enzymes
2)reuptake by astrocytes
3)diffusion away from synaptic cleft
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| acetylcholine | most common neurotransmitter
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| Neurilemma | peripheral bulge of Schwann cell cytoplasm
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| thin fibers are | unmyelinated
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| Functional division of PNS | sensory(afferent) division
motor(efferent) division
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| What are the 2 divisions of the Autonomic NS | sympathetic
parasympathetic
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| Ion flow creates an | electrical current
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| In graded potentials | Magnitude varies directly with stimulus strength
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| Ensures that each AP is an all-or-none event | absolute refractory period
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| Group A fibers | Large diameter, myelinated
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| Group C fibers | small, unmyelinated
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| play roles in emotional behaviors and biologial clock | dopamine,norepinephrine,
epinephrine, serotonin, histamine.
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