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Nervous system and N
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the functions of the CNS | 1) Sensory input 2) integration 3) motor output |
| Central Nervous System includes | 1) brain and spinal cord 2) integration and command center |
| Peripheral Nervous system PNS | 1)spinal and cranial nerves 2)carries messages to and from CNS |
| Sensory Afferent Division of PNS | 1)somatic afferent fibers 2)visceral afferent fibers |
| Somatic afferent fibers | 1) convey impulses from skin , skeletal muscles and joins |
| Motor/ efferent division of PNS | carries impulses from CNS to effector organs |
| MOTOR division of PNS | *somatic/voluntary *autonomic /involuntary |
| Autonomic/Involuntary Nervous system | 1) sympathetic 2) parasympathetic |
| sympathetic | fight or flight |
| parasympathetic | rest and digest |
| Neurons (nerve cells) | *excitable *transmit electrical signals *have a membrane potential * life long *amitotic |
| neuroglia ( glial cells) | support cells |
| CNS Neuroglia | 1)Astrocytes 2)oligodendrytes 3)ependymal 4)microglia |
| Astrocytes | * most abundant * cling to capillaries, neurons, synaptic ends *determine capillary permeability *Make up blood, brain barrier |
| microglia | *immunity and defense towards injured neurons |
| Ependymal cells | * ciliated *line central cavities of brain and spinal cord *separate IF from Cerebrospinal fluid |
| oligodendrocytes | *branched * Myelin sheaths in CNS |
| Satellite cells ( PNS) | * surround cell bodies of PNS |
| Shwann Cells (Neurolemmocytes) | Myelin sheaths in PNS. Outer layer forms the neurilemma |
| Dendrites | *receive input *branched ( like a tree) * convey electrical signals towards cell body |
| Nissl Bodies | Rough ER |
| Cell body name | Soma,Perikaryon |
| Axon | Conducting region of a neuron Generates and transmits AP away from the cell body |
| Terminal Branches (telodendria) | help transmit signal to many places |
| Nodes of Ranvier | gaps between Schwann cells |
| Myelin Sheaths | Protect and electrically insulate the axon Increase speed of nerve impulse transmission |
| MS is caused by | myelin breakdown |
| Saltatory conduction | signal leaps from one node to the next ( fast) |
| Clusters of cell bodies in CNS | Nuclei |
| Clusters of cell bodies in PNS | Ganglia |
| Bundles of processes (axons) in CNS | Tract |
| Bundles of processes (axons) in PNS | Nerve |
| Axon hillock | cone shaped area from which axon arises |
| Functional classification of neurons | 1)sensory/ afferent 2) interneurons ( association neurons) 3)efferent/motor |
| multipolar neurons | one axon. Many dendrites. Most abundant |
| Bipolar | one axon, one dendrite. Rare . Retina of eye |
| unipolar (pseudounipolar) | single, short process with two branches |
| Resting membrane potential voltage | -70mV |
| Resting state ( polarized) | only leakage channels open. K+ in, Na+ out |
| Depolarization | NA+ channels open. * Na+ comes in *inside becomes + * this increases probability of an AP |
| Repolarization | *Na+ channels close *K+ channels open *K+ leaves cell *internal negativity is restored |
| Ionic Conditions are restored with the.. | NA+, K+ pump |
| Hyperpolarization | inside of membrane becomes more negative. * reduces probability of an AP |
| Ions move | along electrochemical gradients |
| electrical gradients | move towards opposite charge |
| there are more leakage channels for | K+ so it leaves more during rest |
| mechanically gated channels change in | shape |
| the synaptic cleft prevents | an impulse from being directly transmitted from one neuron to another. |
| pre synaptic neuron | transmits signal towards synapse ( synaptic cleft) |
| post synaptic neuron | transmits signal away from synapse |
| temporal summation | one impulse after another ( rapid fire order) |
| spacial summation | neuron is stimulates by a large number of terminals at the same time |
| Excitatory post synaptic potential | helps cause an action potential |
| Inhibitory post synaptic potential | inhibits AP |
| Absolute refractory period happens during | depolarization |
| relative refractory period happens during | repolarization |
| Knob like axon terminals are also called | synaptic knobs,boutons |
| anterograde | towards axon terminal |
| retrograde | towards the cell body |
| white matter | *myelinated. *Fast |
| resting membrane potential is defined as | potential difference across the membrane of a resting cell |
| a reduction in membrane potential towards 0 is defined as | depolarization |
| repolarization restores | resting electrical conditions |
| termination of neurotransmitter effect | 1) degradation of enzymes 2)reuptake by astrocytes 3)diffusion away from synaptic cleft |
| acetylcholine | most common neurotransmitter |
| Neurilemma | peripheral bulge of Schwann cell cytoplasm |
| thin fibers are | unmyelinated |
| Functional division of PNS | sensory(afferent) division motor(efferent) division |
| What are the 2 divisions of the Autonomic NS | sympathetic parasympathetic |
| Ion flow creates an | electrical current |
| In graded potentials | Magnitude varies directly with stimulus strength |
| Ensures that each AP is an all-or-none event | absolute refractory period |
| Group A fibers | Large diameter, myelinated |
| Group C fibers | small, unmyelinated |
| play roles in emotional behaviors and biologial clock | dopamine,norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, histamine. |
Created by:
dacosta6
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