Th Respiratory System
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| Mucous membranes of the nasal passages, nasopharynx and trachea are lined with what type of epithelium | pseudostratified cilated columnar
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| The right lung has | 2 fissures 3 lobes
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| Internal respiration occurs | between systemic capillaries and tissue cells
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| The vocal folds are found in the | larynx
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| During internal and external respiration, gases move by | diffusion
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| The smallest and last tube the air flows through before it reaches the alveoli is the | alveolar duct
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| Which of the following is a passageway for air, food and water | pharynx
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| This structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea | epiglottis
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| This is located anterior to the esophagus and carries air to the bronchi | trachea
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| The point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi is a ridge called | carina
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| Which is the dominant method of carbon dioxide transport | in plasma as bicarbonate ions
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| Carbon dioxide binds to the glob in portion of hemoglobin to form | carbaminohemoglobin
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| The enzyme carbonic anhydrase helps | carbon dioxide to react with water
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| If the air we breathe contains 10 percent of Gas X, the partial pressure of Gas X is | 76 mmHg
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| As blood enters the systemic capillaries | PO2 is high in the blood and low in the tissues
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| When oxygen combines with the heme of hemoglobin, what is formed | oxyhemoglobin
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| Tidal volume is | the volume of air in one breath during normal relaxed breathing
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| Some hydrogen ions in the blood are produces by the dissociation of | carbonic acid
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| The amount of oxygen that can combine with heme is determines mainly by the | partial pressure of oxygen
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| In order for inspiration to occur | alveolar pressure must decrease
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| The amount of oxygen released by the hemoglobin molecules in the blood to the tissues | increases as blood pH decreases (i.e. the acidity increases)
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| In the lungs | PCO2 is low in the alveoli and high in the capillaries
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| Surface tension of the alveolar fluid is reduced by the presence of | surfactant
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| Eupnea refers to | a normal pattern of quiet breathing
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| The phrenic nerves innervate the | diaphragm
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| Lung compliance is affected mainly by the amount of elastic tissue in the lungs and the | amount of surfactant
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| The rhythm of normal breathing is controlled by neurons located in the | medulla oblongata
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| When the diaphragm lowers during breathing | volume in the thoracic cavity increases
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| A disorder characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli is | emphysema
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| An increase in pulmonary capillary permeability or an increase in pulmonary capillary pressure leads to | pulmonary edema
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| The most sensitive region of the respiratory tract for triggering the cough reflex is the | carina
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| The function of alveolar macrophages "dust cells" is | to remove debris from alveolar spaces
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| During normal quiet breathing, the diaphragm descends and the alveolar pressure decreases about | 2 mmHg
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| When we inhale | both alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure decrease
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| A modified respiratory pattern involves a series of convulsive inspirations followed by a single prolonged expiration. This pattern is characteristic of | sobbing
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| This is a disorder characterized by chronic airway inflammation, airway hypersensitivity to a variety of stimuli, and airway obstruction | asthma
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| At a partial pressure of 105 mmHg in the alveoli, the percent saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen in the pulmonary capillaries will be | almost 100%
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| The most common infectious cause of death in the US is | pneumonia
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| This area transmits inhibitory impulses to turn off the inspiratory area before the lungs become too full of air | pneumotaxic area
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| This area sends stimulatory impulses to the inspiratory area that activate it and prolong inhalation | apneustic area
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| This area controls the basic rhythm of respiration | medullary rhythmicity
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| Which of the following is not part of the upper respiratory system | trachea
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| Pitch is controlled by | amount of tensiono of the vocal cords
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| This is the primary gas exchange site | alveolus
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| Which of the below tissues maintains open airways in the lower respiratory system | hyaline cartilage C-shaped rings
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| Which of the below tissues provides the functions of the inner layer of the conducting organs below the larynx | ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with globlet cells
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| Which of the below tissues forms the exchange surfaces of the alveolus | simple squamous epithelium
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| There are cells of the alveoli that produce surfactant | type II alveolar cells
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| Which of the following is not a factor that the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange depends on | force of contraction of diaphragm
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| This is direction of diffusion of gases at capillaries near systemic cells | oxygen out of the blood, carbon dioxide into blood
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| This is direction of diffusion of gases at the alveoli of the lungs | oxygen into blood, carbon dioxide out of the blood
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| These terms mean the lungs and the chest wall expands easily | high compliance
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| In ventilation-perfusion coupling, a high CO2 level causes the smooth muscles in the bronchioles that service the area to constrict | False
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| In ventilation-perfusion coupling, a low CO2 level causes the terminal arterioles that service the area to constrict | True
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| Oxygen binds to hemoglobin much more tightly than carbon monoxide | False
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| BPG, an intermediate in anaerobic respiration, when bound reversibly with hemoglobin lowers hemoglobin's affinity to oxygen | True
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| A decreased temperature causes hemoglobin to unload oxygen more easily | False
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| Cutting the phrenic nerve will cause paralysis of the diaphragm | True
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| When the inspiratory muscles of the chest wall contract, the size of the thoracic cavity decreases | False
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| The bulk of the carbon dioxide carried in the blood plasma is in the form of HCO3 | True
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| Infant respiratory distress syndrome occurs when infants are not able to easily keep their alveoli open between breathes due to insufficient amounts of surfactant | True
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| Serous membrane bound to the surface of the lungs | Visceral pleura
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| Serous membrane that forms the outer wall of the pleural cavity | parietal pleura
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| Ridge covered by a sensitive mucous membrane; irritation triggers the cough reflex | Carina
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| Prevents food or fluid from entering the airways | Epiglottis
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| Secrete alveolar fluid and surfactant | Type II alveolar cells
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| Functions as a passageway for air and food and houses the tonsils | Pharynx
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| Tubular passageways for air connecting the larynx to the bronchi | Trachea
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| Main air passageway entering the lungs | Bronchi
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| Forms the anterior wall of the larynx | Thyroid cartilage
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| Connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea and houses the vocal cords | Larynx
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| Site of external respiration | Nose
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| Functions in warming, moistening, and filtering air; receives olfactory stimuli | Alveoli
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| Simple squamous epithelial cells that through which gas exchange occurs | Type I alveolar cells
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| Rapid and deep breathing | Hyperventilation
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| Absence of breathing | Apnea
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| Shallow, chest breathing | Costal breathing
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| Normal, quiet breathing | Eupnea
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| Deep, abdominal breathing | Diaphragmatic breathing
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| A deficiency of oxygen at the tissue level | Hypoxia
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| Above normal value for the partial pressure of carbon dioxide | Hypercapnia
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| The ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded | Compliance
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| Hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction to divert blood to well-ventilated regions of the lungs | Ventilation-perfusion coupling
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| When blood pH drops then the amount of oxyhemoglobin (decreases/increases) and oxygen delivery to the tissue cells (increases/decreases) | decreases, increases
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| The abrupt increase in ventilation at the start of exercise is due to (neural/chemical) changes that send excitatory impulses to the inspiratory area in the medulla oblongata | neural
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| List eight modifies respiratory movements that are used to express emotions and to clear the airways | sighing, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping, laughing, crying, sobbing, yawning
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| TV+IRV+ERV | Vital Capacity
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| Amount of air exhaled in forced exhalation | Expiratory reserve volume
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| Total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute | Minute volume
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| Provides a medical and legal tool for determining a still birth from a live birth | Minimal volume
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| Volume of air in one breath | Tidal volume
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| Vital capacity+ residual volume | Total lung capacity
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| Tidal volume+ inspiratory reserve volume | Inspiratory capacity
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| Amount of air remaining in the lungs after expiratory reserve volume is expelled | Residual volume
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| Residual volume+ expiratory reserve volume | Functional redisual volume
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| Additional amount of air inhaled beyond the tidal volume with a very deep breath | Inspiratory reserve volume
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| Beginning with carbon dioxide, give the chemical formula sequence below that produces the bicarbonate anion | CO2 + H2O <---> H2CO3 <---> HCO3- + H+
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| This reaction occurs fastest in (plasma/RBCs) due to the presence of carbonic acid anhydrase | RBCs
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| After bicarbonate is formed, it it transported to the plasma in exchange of a (oxygen/chloride) ion | choride
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