HOR/Con. Elections
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| Did the Constitution set the exact size of the HOR? | No, it only says it's size must be distributied proportionaly according to states' population.
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| How many representatives are guaranteed to each state by the Constitution? | At least one.
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| How many states have one seat currently in the HOR? | Seven
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| Reapportionment? | Direction by the Constitution to reapportion House seats after each Census. (10 years)
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| Reapportionment Act? (1929) | Set the maximum number of representatives in the House to 435.
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| About how many citizens does each seat in the House represent? | 700,000
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| Why is reapportionment important? | It changes the number of seats a state has and the number of votes in the Electoral College.
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| Does the Constitution define congressional districts? | No.
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| In what year did Congress stipulate that all seats in the HOR would be filled from single-menber districts? | 1842
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| What law gave each state the power to draw it's own boundary lines for congressional districts? | The 1842 Law
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| Gerrymandering? | Drawing congressional district lines to benefit one's own party
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| What is one effect of gerrymandering? | It protects imcumbents and discourages challengers
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| Another effect of gerrymandering? | Strengthens the majority party and weakens the opposition
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| Yet another effect of gerrymandering? | Can increase or decrease minority representation.
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| What type of area dominated many state legislatures? | Rural
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| What case put forth "one person, one vote"? | Wesberry v. Sanders (1964)
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| What did Wesberry v. Sanders cause? | Wide redistricting that favored cities and suburbs.
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| What is one restiction the Supreme Court has placed on redistricting? | Equally populated
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| What is one restiction the Supreme Court has placed on redistricting? | Districts must be compact.
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| What is one restiction the Supreme Court has placed on redistricting? | Lines must be contiguous or connected.
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| What is one restiction the Supreme Court has placed on redistricting? | Cannot dilute minority voting power.
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| What is one restiction the Supreme Court has placed on redistricting? | Cannot be drawn solely on race. can be a factor.
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| What has the Supreme Court not eliminated? Why? | Gerrymandering. Partisan reasons.
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| What has the most important factor in congressional elections over the past 50 years? | Incumbancy
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| What percent of House incumbents win? | 90 percent
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| What percent of Senate incumbents win? | 75 percent
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| What is the main reason incumbants usually win? | Money
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| What is the ratio incumbents outspend challengers by? | More than 2:1
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| 2nd reason incumbents win? | Visibility
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| Visibility? | Better known to the voters.
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| 3rd reason incumbents win? | Constituent service
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| What do members of Congress do to gain support? | Casework for their district (money and jobs)
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| What is "pork"? | legislation the allows reps to bring money and jobs to their districts.
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| 4th reason incumbents win? | the franking privilege
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| The franking privilege? | The right of members of Congress to mail newsletters to their constituents at the gov's expense.
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| What has Congress recently added to the franking privilege? | Emails and recorded phone calls
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| 5th reason incumbents win? | Gerrymandering
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| What do members of the House often represent? | heavily gerrymandered districts that support incumbents
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| What do gerrymandered districts discourage? | Strong challengers from trying to compete with incumbents
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| What is one consequence of the Incumbent Advantage? | Experienced leaders in Congress
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| What is one consequence of the Incumbent Advantage? | discourages radical change, but encourages close relationships with intrest groups
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| What is one consequence of the Incumbent Advantage? | They benefit from existing campaign finance laws, therefore they have no motivation to reform them.
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| What do incumbents have opprotunites to participate in? | Highly visible activites covered by local radio stations and newspapers.
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