Human History, Homeostasis, Body Cavities, Organ Systems, Orientation/Sections
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| What is Anatomy? | Study of breaking up the body into its parts
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| What is physiology? | Study of how the parts function
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| Hunter Gatherer Lifestyle | Nomadic clusters of people, spaced far apart, minimal spread of disease, healthy, always moving
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| Agricultural Lifestyle | Established residences, generations stayed in the same area, disease from parasitic worms in soil, people contaminated with bacteria and viruses, malnutrition, stunted growth, tooth decay due to sedentary lifestyle
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| Healers/Medicine Men Lifestyle | Methods eventually replaced by plant and herbal remedies as people got interested in how the human body heals itself, examining corpses to determine the cause of death
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| Modern Studies of the Human Body Lifestyle | Terms, provedures, techniques, and medical language were developed and continue to be developed as modern medicine prolongs the human lifespan
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| Homeostasis | Maintaining a stable environment
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| Self-regulating mechanisms | Homeostatic mechanisms
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| Receptors | Provide info about the condition of the internal environment ex. brain
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| Control Center | determines a specific value such as body temp
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| Effectors | control responses that change the internal environment ex. muscles shivering when you are cold
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| Negative Feedback Mechanism | When all 3 self-regulating mechanisms work to maintain homeostasis
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| Example of Negative Feedback Mechanism Process | STIMULUS Change occurs in the internal environment (cold temperature) RECEPTORS Brain makes note (low temperature) CONTROL CENTER Comparitive analysis (Compares low temperature to 98 degrees) EFFECTORS (muscles shiver) RESPONSE (Body temperature is correc
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| Four Main Body Cavities | Cranial Cavity, Vertebral Cavity, Thoracic Cavity, Abdominopelvic Cavity
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| Cranial Cavity | Contains the Brain and minor cavities (oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear)
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| Oral Cavity | Teeth, Tongue, Mouth
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| Nasal Cavity | Sinuses
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| Orbital Cavity | Eyes and Eye Muscles
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| Middle Ear Cavity | middle ear bones
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| Vertebral Cavity | Contains the spinal cord
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| Thoracic Cavity | Contains lungs, esophogus, trachea, thymus
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| Abdominopelvic Cavity | Contains stomach, liver, spleen, gall bladder, small intestine, large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs
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| Axial Portion | Head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis
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| Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes (Four) | Serous Membrane, Pleural Membrane, Pericardial Membrane, Peritoneal Membrane
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| Serous Membrane | thin, lines the wall of thoracic and abdominopelvic regions
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| Pleural Membrane | surrounds each lung
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| Pericardial Membrane | surrounds the heart
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| Peritoneal Membrane | surrounds the organs of the abdominopelvic region
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| Organ Systems (11) | Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Digestive, Respiratory, Urinary, Reproductive
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| Integumentary System | FUNCTION body covering, protect and regulate ORGANS skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
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| Skeletal System | FUNCTION support, movement ORGANS bones, ligaments, cartilage
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| Muscular System | FUNCTION support, movement ORGANS: muscles which provide force
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| Nervous System | FUNCTION integration, coordination ORGANS brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs (ex. eyes, ears)
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| Endocrine System | FUNCTION control metabolic activities of body structures (parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas) ORGANS Glands that secret hormones (pituitary, thyroid)
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| Cardiovascular System | FUNCTION move blood through blood vessels and transport substances (blood, oxygen, nutrients) throughout body ORGANS heart, arteries, capillaries, veins
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| Lymphatic System | FUNCTION transport ORGANS lymph vessels, lymph fluid, lymoh nodes, thymus, spleen, and fluids between tissues
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| Digestive System | FUNCTION absorption, excretion ORGANS mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharnyx, esophogus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small/large intestines
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| Repiratory System | FUNCTION absorption, excretion ORGANS nasal cavity, pharnyx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
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| Urinary System | FUNCTION absorption, excretion ORGANS kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
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| Reproductive System | FUNCTION create offspring ORGANS Males: scrotum, penis, testes Females: ovaries, vagina, uterus
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| Anatomical Position | Erect, Arms at sides, palms facing forward, feet straight, face forward
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| Relative Position | Terms used for the location of one body part in respect to another
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| Axial | Refers to all body parts in the cranial, vertebral, thoracis, and abdominopelvic regions
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| Appendicular | refers to all body parts not found in cranial, vertebral, thoracic, and abdominopelvic regions
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| Superior | A body part is above another or closer to the head
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| Inferior | A body part is below another or closer to the feet
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| Anterior (Ventral) | A body part is located towards the front of the body
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| Posterior (Dorsal) | A body part is located towards the rear of the body
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| Medial | An imaginary line that divides the body into the right half and left half, medial is closest to this line
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| Anatomical Position | Erect, Arms at sides, palms facing forward, feet straight, face forward
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| Relative Position | Terms used for the location of one body part in respect to another
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| Axial | Refers to all body parts in the cranial, vertebral, thoracis, and abdominopelvic regions
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| Appendicular | refers to all body parts not found in cranial, vertebral, thoracic, and abdominopelvic regions
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| Superior | A body part is above another or closer to the head
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| Inferior | A body part is below another or closer to the feet
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| Anterior (Ventral) | A body part is located towards the front of the body
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| Posterior (Dorsal) | A body part is located towards the rear of the body
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| Medial | An imaginary line that divides the body into the right half and left half, medial is closest to this line
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| Lateral | Body part located to the side with respect to the imaginary medial line
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| Proximal | Describes a part that is closer to the trunk of the body or closer to a specified point or reference to another point
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| Distal | Opposite of proximal, part that is farther from the trunk or farther from a specified point of reference than another part
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| Superficial (External) | Situated near the surface
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| Deep (Internal) | Describes parts that are more internal
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| Three Body Sections | Sagittal, Transverse, Coronal
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| Saggital | a lengthwise cut that devides body into left and right portions
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| Transverse | a cut right/left across, divides the body into superior and inferior portions
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| Coronal | refers to a section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
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