Anatomy
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| What part of the heart takes up the Sternocostal Surface? | Rt Ventricle
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| What part of the heart takes up the Diaphragmatic Surface? | Mainly Lt Ventricle, portion of Rt Ventricle
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| What makes up the base or posterior surface of the heart? | Mainly left atrium, with smaller portion of rt atrium
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| What makes up the apex of the heart? | Tip of left Ventricle
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| What makes up the Pulmonary Surface? | Mainly left ventricle
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| What will cause an Atrial Septal Defect? | Incomplete closure of the superior portion of the foramen ovale in the interatrial septum.
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| What does the Rt Coronary Artery Supply? | SA node, AV node, rt atrium, rt vent, posterior third of AV septum
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| What are the two branches of the the Left Coronary Artery? | Left Circumflex and Left Anterior Descending
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| What supplies most of the left ventricle, most of the intraatrial septum, and the left atrium? | Left Coronary artery
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| What are the three most common sites for coronary artery occlusion? | LAD of the Left Coronary Artery, Circumflex Branch of the LCA, and Right Coronary Artery
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| To which levels is ischemic heart pain referred? | T1 - T4,5 Can manifest as neck, arm, or chest pain
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| Where to the head and tubercle of the rib articulate? | Head articulates with veterbral bodies, and the tubercles articulate with the transverse process of vertebra
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| Which rib articulates with the manubrium at the sternal notch? | 1st Rib
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| Which ribs articulate with the sternal body? | 3-7
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| Which rib articulates with the sternal angle? (angle of Louis?) | 2
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| Which ribs articulate with the abdominal wall? | 11,12
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| Which ribs articulate with the cartiledge of the superior rib? | 8-10
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| Where is the tracheal bifurcation? | Angle of Louis (sternal angle), also site of the 2nd costal cartiledge articulation; T4,5
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| Where does the clavicle articulate? | With the manubrium and the Acrominon of the Scapula
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| Where verts does the sternal angle correspond with? | T4 (T5) It's the inferior border of the T4 vertebrum
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| How are intercostal spaces named? | For the rib just superior.
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| Where verts correspond with the Xiphoid? | T 8,9
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| What verts correspond with the suprasternal notch? | T 2,3
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| What do the internal intercostals do? | Depress the ribs, aid in FORCED exhalation
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| What do the external intercostals do? | Elevate the ribs, aid in quiet and forced inhalation
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| What does the serratus posterior do? | Cervical (superior) portion elevates ribs, thoracic (inferior) portion depresses ribs
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| Levatores Costarum does what? | Elevate the ribs
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| What do innermost intercostals do? | Depress and elevate
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| What is the origin of the Internal Thoracic Artery? | Subclavian Artery
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| What are the two branches of the Internal Thoracic Artery? | Epigastric, Musculophrenic
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| What is the sensory innervation of the visceral pleura? | None
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| What is the sensory innervation of the parietal pleura? | Intercostal and phrenic nerves
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| What is in the middle mediastinum | The heart enclosed in the pericardium
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| What is in the anterior mediastinum? | Loose connective tissue, fat, lymphatics, branches of the internal thoracic vessels
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| What is in the superior mediastinum? | Thymus, great vessels, phrenic and vagus nerves, cardic plexus, trachea, left recurrent laryngeal nerve, esophagus, thoracic duct, prevertebral muscles
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| What is in the posterior mediastinum? | thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, posterior mediastinal lymph nodes, azygos and hemiazygos veins, esophagus & esoph. plexus, thoracic sympathetic trunks, thoracic splanchnic nerve
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| How is the esophagus innervated? | esophageal plexus of vagus nerves; also nerves from sympathtic trunks
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| What are the three impressions in the thoracic esophagus? | Aortic arch, Left main bronchus, Diaphragm
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| From where do bronchial arteries arise? | From aorta on left, and posterior intercostals on rt
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| What is the largest subdivision of a lobe? | Bronchopulmonary Segment
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| Where does the superficial lymphatic plexus drain? | Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes, then trachiobronciolymph nodes
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| Where does deep lynphatic plexus drain? | pulmonary lymph nodes then bronchopulmonary lymph nodes
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| What plexi does the vagus nerve supply? | Esophageal, cardiac, pulmonary, and pharyngeal
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| Where does the thoracic duct drain? | Left braciocephalic vein
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| Where does the hemi-az arise? | Left renal vein.
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| What level does the IVC open in the diaphragm? | T8
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| What level does the esophagus open in the diaphragm? | T10
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| What level does the aorta open in the diaphragm | T12
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| What provides motor and sensory innervation to posterior musculature and skin? | Dorsal Rami
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| What is the anterior blood supply to the breast? | IMA (Internal Thoracic)
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| What is the posterior blood supply to the breast? | Branches of thoracic aorta
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| What are the causes of pleural effusion? | Increased hydrostatic pressure (CHF), increased capillary permeability (pneumonia), low albumin, atelectesis, lymphatic tumor
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| What fibers provide parasympathetic innervation to the lungs? | Vagus Nerve
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| What fibers provide sympathetic innervation to the lungs? | Sympathetic Trunks
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| What does parsympathetic innervation of the lungs do? | Give motor to small muscles of bronchi, provides BRONCHOCONSTRICTION, vasodilation of PA, secretions
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| What does sympathetic innervation of the lungs do? | Bronchodilation, vasoconstrictor, inhibits secretions
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