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PFT_Terms_Chapter12

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
action potential   the electrical signal that causes a muscle to contract  
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afterload   arterial impedance, or the force against which cardiac muscle shortens; along with preload and contractility, determines cardiac output  
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angina pectoris   spasmodic or suffocating chest pain caused by an imbalance between oxygen supply and oxygen demand  
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anticoagulant   a drug that prevents clot formation by affecting clotting factors  
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antiplatelet   a drug that reduces the risk of clot formation by inhibiting platelet aggregation  
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arrhythmia   any variation from the normal heartbeat  
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ascites   the accumulation of fluids in the abdominal organs and the lower extremities  
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atherosclerosis   accumulation of lipoproteins and fats on the inner surfaces of arteries, eventually clogging the arteries and leading to MI, stroke, or gangrene  
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atrioventricular (AV) node   part of the conduction system of the heart that carries the action potential from the atria to the ventricles with a delay  
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beta blocker   a Class II antiarrhythmic drug that competitively blocks response to beta adrenergic stimulation and therefore lowers heart rate, myocardial contractility, blood pressure, and myocardial oxygen demand; used to treat arrhythmias, MIs, and angina  
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blood pressure (BP)   the result of the heart forcing the blood through the capillaries; measured in millimeters of mercury, both when the heart is contracting and forcing the blood (systolic) and when the heart is relaxed and filling with blood (diastolic)  
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bradycardia   abnormally slow heart rate (below 60 beats per minute)  
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calcium channel blocker   a Class IV antiarrhythmic drug that prevents the movement of calcium ions through slow channels; used for most supraventricular tachyarrhythmias and in angina  
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cardiomegaly   enlargement of the heart due to overwork from overstimulation  
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cardiovascular (CV)   pertaining to the heart and blood vessels  
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cholesterol   an odorless, white, waxlike, powdery substance that is present in all foods of animal origin but not in foods of plant origin; circulates continuously in the blood for use by all body cells  
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clotting cascade   a series of events that initiate blood clotting, or coagulation  
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congestive heart failure (CHF)   a condition in which the heart can no longer pump adequate blood to the body's tissues; results in engorgement of the pulmonary vessels  
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contractility   the cardiac muscle's capacity for becoming shorter in response to a stimulus; along with preload and afterload, determines cardiac output  
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depolarization   reversal of the negative voltage across a heart or nerve cell membrane, caused by an inflow of positive ions  
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diastolic blood pressure   the blood pressure measurement that measures the pressure during the dilation of the heart  
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ectopic pacemaker   a pacemaker other than the SA node  
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fibrinolytic   an agent that dissolves clots  
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glycoprotein antagonist   an antiplatelet agent that binds to receptors on platelets, preventing platelet aggregation as well as the binding of fibrinogen and other adhesive molecules  
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hematocrit   the proportion of a blood sample that is red blood cells  
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high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)   lipoproteins containing 5% triglyceride, 25% cholesterol, and 50% protein; "good cholesterol"  
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hypercholesterolemia   excessive cholesterol in the blood  
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hyperlipidemia   elevation of the levels of one or more of the lipoproteins in the blood  
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hypertension   elevated blood pressure, where systolic blood pressure is greater than 140 mm Hg and diastolic pressure is greater than 90 mm Hg  
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International Normalized Ratio (INR)   a method of standardizing the prothrombin time (PT) by comparing it to a standard index  
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ischemic stroke   a cerebral infarction, in which a region of the brain is damaged by being deprived of oxygen  
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lipoprotein   a spherical particle containing a core of triglycerides and cholesterol, in varying proportions, surrounded by a surface coat of phospholipids that enables it to remain in solution  
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low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)   lipoproteins containing 6% triglycerides and 65% cholesterol; "bad cholesterol"  
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membrane stabilizing agent   a Class I antiarrhythmic drug that slows the movement of ions into cardiac cells, thus reducing the action potential and dampening abnormal rhythms and heartbeats  
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myocardial hypertrophy   thickening of the heart muscle in response to overstimulation  
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myocardial infarction (MI)   a heart attack; occurs when a region of the heart muscle is deprived of oxygen  
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partial thromboplastin time (PTT)   a test that measures the function of the intrinsic and common pathways in blood clotting; affected by heparin  
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preload   the mechanical state of the heart at the end of diastole; along with afterload and contractility, determines cardiac output  
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prothrombin time (PT)   a test that assesses the function of the extrinsic pathways of the coagulation system; affected by warfarin  
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pulmonary embolism (PE)   sudden blocking of the pulmonary artery by a blood clot  
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repolarization   restoration of the negative voltage across a heart or nerve cell membrane, caused by an outflow of positive ions  
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reversible ischemic neurologic deficit (RIND)   a neurologic change, caused by a temporary shortage of oxygen, that reverses spontaneously but less rapidly than a TIA  
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sinoatrial (SA) node   the normal pacemaker area of the heart  
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stable angina   a type of angina characterized by effort-induced chest pain from physical activity or emotional stress; usually predictable and reproducible  
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statin   an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, a drug that inhibits the rate-limiting step in cholesterol formation  
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stroke   the result of an event (finite, ongoing, or protracted occurrences) that interrupts oxygen supply to an area of the brain; usually caused by cerebral infarction or cerebral hemorrhage  
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systolic blood pressure   a blood pressure measurement that measures the pressure during contraction of the heart  
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tachycardia   excessively fast heart rate  
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thrombus   blood clot  
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thrombocytopenia   a decrease in the bone marrow production of blood platelets  
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transient ischemic attack (TIA)   temporary neurologic change that occurs when part of the brain lacks sufficient blood supply over a brief period of time; may be a warning sign and predictor of imminent stroke  
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triglycerides   Neutral fats synthesized from carbohydrates for storage in adipose cells  
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unstable angina   a type of angina characterized by chest pain that occurs with increasing frequency, diminishes the patient's ability to work, and has a decreasing response to treatment; may signal an oncoming MI  
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variant angina   a type of angina characterized by chest pain due to coronary artery spasm; usually not stress induced  
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very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)   lipoproteins containing 60% triglycerides and 12% cholesterol  
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