Lymphatic System, Immune System, Respiratory System
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| complement | group of bloodbourne proteins, which, when activated, enhance the inflammatory and immune responses and may lead to cell lysis
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| humoral immunity | provided by antibodies present in the body's bodily fluids; extracellular targets --> inactivating the targets temporarily and marking them for destruction by phagocytes or complement. B-cells
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| inflammation | prevents injurious agents from spreading to adjacent tissues, disposes of pathogens and dead tissue cells, and promotes tissue repair
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| interferon | proteins released by virus-infected cells and certain lymphocytes; act as chemical messengers to protect uninfected tissue cels from viral takeover; mobilize immune system
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| opsoinization | process by which speeds up the phagocytosis of the pathogen
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| T-cell | non-antibody-producing lymphocytes that constitute the cellular arm of adaptive immunity; develops receptors for a specific antigen
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| B-cell | oversee humoral immunity
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| cellular immunity | immunity conferred by activated T-cells, which directly kill infected or cancerous body cells or cells of foreign grafts and release chemicals that regulate the immune response
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| plasma cells | antibody-producing "machine"; produces huge number of antibodies (immunoglobulins) with the same antigen specify. An effector B-cell
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| Natural Killer cells | promotes apoptosis (cell suicide) by directly attaching virus-infected or cancerous body cells; recognize general abnormalities rather than specific antigens; do not form memory cells
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| antigen | substances capable of provoking an immune response. Typically a large, complex molecule (e.g. protein or modified protein) not normally present in the body
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| antibody | protein produced by B-cell or plasma cell. Those produced by plasma cells are released into body fluids, where they attach to antigens. This causes complement fixation, neutralization, precipitation, or agglutination, which "marks" the antigen for destr
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| immunoglobulin | another name for an antibody. has 5 different classes (IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE
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| memory cell | descendent of activated B-cell or any class of T-cell; generated during initial immune response (primary response). May exist in body for years after, enabling it to respond quickly and efficiently to subsequent infections or encounters with same antigen
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| nasal conchae | produces mucus; filters, warms, and moistens incoming air; resonance chamber for speech; receptors for sense of smell
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| larynx | connects pharynx to trachea
closed by the epiglottis
air passageway
prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract
voice production
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| epiglottis | closes the opening of the larynx
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| glottis | opening of the larynx
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| trachea | tube running from larynx, divides inferiorly into two main bronchi
air passageway cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air
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| macrophages | cells produced by white blood cells (monocytes) that leave the bloodstream and then enter the tissues
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| carina | spar of cartilage projects posteriorly from its inner face, marking the point where the trachea branches into the two main bronchi
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| pleurae | two layers of serous membrane that line the thoracic cavity and covers the external surface of the lung
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| lymph | fluid contained in lymphatic vessels
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| alveoli | microscopic changers at end of bronchial tree
special cells produce surfactant
main site for gas exchange
reduces surface tension and helps prevent lungs collapse
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| lobules |
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| surfactant | secretion produced by certain cells of the alveoli that reduces the surface tension of water molecules, thus preventing the collapse of the alveoli after each expiration
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| spirometer | tool used to measure lung volume and capacity
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| respiration | the process involved in supplying the body with oxygen and disposing of carbon dioxide
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| vital capacity | maximum about of air that can be inspired after a normal tidal volume expiration
average for male = 4800 ml
average for female = 3100 ml
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| tidal volume | amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
average for male = 500 ml
average for female = 500 ml
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| inspiratory reserve volume | amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal inspiration
average for male = 3100
average for female = 1900
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| expiratory reserve volume | amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal expiration
average for male = 1200
average for female = 700
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| residual volume | amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration
average for male = 1200
average for female = 1100
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| total lung capacity | maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort
average for male = 6000
average for female = 4200
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| inspiratory capacity | maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal tidal volume expiration
average for male = 3600
average for female = 2400
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| functional residual capacity | volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration
average for male = 2400
average for female = 1800
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| hypoxia | condition in which inadequate oxygen is available to tissues
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| hypercapnia |
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| apnea | breathing cessation
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| hyperventilation | an increase in the depth and rate of breathing that is in excess of the body's need for removal of carbon dioxide
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| asthma | episodes of coughing, dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness
obstruction is reversible
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| emphysema |
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| bronchi | right and left
air passageways connecting trachea with alveoli
cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air
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| bronchioles | smaller branching air passageways inside the lungs
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| Cl-shift | chloride ions move from the plasma into the RBCs via facilitated diffusion through a RBC membrane protein
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| alveolar/capillary membrane | type I alveolar cells - side of the membrane that has gas
type II alveolar cells - side of the membrane that has blood
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| dead space | anatomical - air in the lungs not available for gas exchange
physiological - sites at the end of the bronchial tree not suitable for gas exchange due to pathology
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| Haldane effect | reflects the greater ability of reduced hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin and to buffer hydrogen ions by combing with it
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| lymph nodes | site of tight concentration of B-cells --> plasma cells --> Abs
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| lymphema | swelling of the lymph node
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| lymph organs | spleen, thymus, tonsils, peyer's patches, appendix
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