Chap 4-7
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| provides resistance to trauma, infections, barrier to water, produces vit d, sensations from the environment, and thermoregulation | skin
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| What is the skin composed of? | epidermis, epithelial tissue, and dermis which is connective tissue
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| skin exists in 2 forms | thick and thin
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| Not usually considered part of the skin | hypodermis
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| Has fingerprints which results from the dermal papilla forming parallel but curving rows | thick skin
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| 4 Cell types within the Epidermis | keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, and Langerhans cells
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| Produces keratin for physical strength and protection | keratinocytes
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| Produces Melanin for UV blockage in sunlight and increases with exposure to sunlight | Melanocytes
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| Cells that contribute to the sensation of touch | Merkel Cells
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| Cells monitor the epidermis for infectious agents | Langerhan's
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| Layers of the epidermis | stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
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| Waterproofs the skin | glycolipids between the cells in the stratum corneum
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| How many days does it take the cells in the stratum basale to migrate to the surface? | 35
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| What does the dermis consist of? | Papillary layer and reticular layer
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| What type of tissue is the papillary layer? | Areloar connective tissue
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| What type of tissue is the reticular layer? | Dense irregular connective tissue
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| Fluid filled area separating the epidermis from the dermis | blister
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| Smooth muscles which are attached to a hair follicle at one end and the dermis at the other end, contract to produce goose bumps | piloerector muscles
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| Within the dermis that sense touch | Various touch receptors
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| 5 types of glands within the skin | 2 sweat and 3 sebaceous
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| 2 types sweat glands | eccrine and appocrine
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| Sweat glands that are widely distributed | Eccrine
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| Sweat glands that are limited to axillary and anogential areas | Appocrine
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| Glands that secrete an oily substance into the hair follicle | Sebaceous
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| Secretion of __________ stimulated by hormones especially androgens that are produced during puberty | sebum
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| Damaged in 1st degree burns | epidermis
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| Damaged in 2nd degree burns | extends to the upper region of the dermis
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| Damaged in 3rd degree burns | Entire thickness of the skin
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| Skin cancer that is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy | Melanoma
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| Skin color is determined by which 3 pigments | Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin
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| Most significant in skin pigment and varies in color | Melanin
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| Also called suderiferous glands | sweat glands
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| Glands found only in the external ear canal | ceruminous glands
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| Forms a framework for the body protecting deeper tissues forming levers so muscles move storing minerals and site where hematopoiesis occurs | Bones
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| Outer layer of bone | compact bone
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| Inner portion of bone | Spongy bone
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| Another name for spongy bone | Cancellous bone
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| Bone that is dense and solid in appearance and composed of structural units called osteons | compact bone
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| Structural units called osteons | Haversian System
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| Red bone marrow makes ___________ blood cells | red
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| Bone marrow that is used for energy storage because of its fat content | yellow bone marrow
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| As an individual ages _________ marrow is replaced by _________ marrow, marrow cells become saturated with fat and no longer active in blood cell production | red, yellow
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| The main shaft of the long bone | diaphysis
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| Ends of the long bone | epiphyses
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| Covers the articular surfaces of the epiphyses to help form joints consists of hyaline cartilage | Articular cartilage
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| Membrane which covers the surface of long bones except at joint surfaces | Periosteum
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| Membrane that lines the trabeculae and medullary cavity | Endosteum
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| In spongy bone arranged along lines of stress to enhance bone's strength | Trabeculae
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| Spongy bone portion of flat bones | diploe
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| Bone forming cells | osteoblasts
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| Bone destroying cells | osteoclasts
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| A break in the continuity of a bone it tears and destroys blood vessels that carry nutrients to osteocytes | fracture
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| Formation of a fracture hematoma, formation of internal and external bony callus which binds broken ends together then completion of bone remodeling | fracture repair
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| Bone fracture due to weakened and diseased bone and not due to excessive forces on bone. | Pathologic fracture
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| Pain in a bone | Ostealgia
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| Bones become porous and weak occurs particularly in post menopausal women | Osteoporosis
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| Develops when bones are not adequately mineralized usually due to a deficiency in vit D and the bones become soft | Osteomalacia and Rickets
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| An abnormal projection on a bone from an overgrowth | bone spur
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| 35% organic components 65% inorganic components | Bone
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| Ability of cells to replicate | mitosis
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| Cell division that consists of the increase of cells during fetal growth, childhood and adolescence | developmental growth
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| Cell division that consists of cells that replace other cells that naturally turnover such as epithelial cells | cell replacements
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| Cell division that occurs when damage has been done and cells need to be replaced as in a skin cut or bone fracture | tissue repair
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| Cells that cannot replicate after development | brain and spinal cord nerve cells
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| Process which generates necessary changes to DNA in sperm and ova | Meiosis
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| Most immediate source of energy for chemical rxns in the body is the molecule | ATP
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| Consists of the sequential process of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain | Cellular respiration
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| Chemical byproduct of cellular respiration | carbon dioxide
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| The final electron receptor in the electron transport chain | oxygen
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| Does not use oxygen | anaerobic
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| Process that mainly uses glucose and produces little ATP but produces molecules which are needed by the other pathways to generate more ATP | Glycolosis
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| Consists of additional pathways which become active when no oxygen is available to the cell and replenishes the molecules used in glycolosis so glycolosis can continue Does not produce ATP | fermentation
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| Produces little ATP but does produce molecules which are needed in the electron transport chain in order to produce more ATP and also produces CO2 as a byproduct | Krebs cycle
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| The product of the electron transport chain is | a high yield of ATP
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| Used in the electron transport chain to accept mobile electrons used in the process | Oxygen
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| Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function | tissues
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| Four basic types of tissue | Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
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| 2 general classes of epithelial tissue | membranous and glandular
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| Epithelium that covers the body and some of its parts and lines some cavities | Membranous
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| Epithelium makes the secretory portion of glands | Glandular
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| Tissue that has nerve fibers but no blood vessels and exchanges materials with the blood vessels in the underlying connective tissue | Epithelium
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| Arrangement of cells a single layer | simple
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| Arrangement of cells more than 1 layer | stratified
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| Single layer but appears more than 1 layer | pseudostratified
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| Flattened cell shape | squamous
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| Epithelia that allows rapid diffusion and filtration to occur | simple squamous
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| Example of simple squamous epithelia | walls of the air sacs in the lungs
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| Epithelium that specialize in absorption and secretion | simple cuboidal and simple columnar
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| Example of simple cuboidal epithelium | kidney tubules
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| Epithelium of the digestive tract has microvilli for increased surface area | simple columnar
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| Epithelium of the respiratory tract | psuedostratified columnar
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| Epithelium that its main purpose is protection either keratinized or nonkeratinized | stratified squamous
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| Epithelium cells that change their shape with different conditions and allows bladder to distend with urine | transitional
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| Glands that ductless and secrete hormones into the blood | Endocrine glands
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| Glands that secrete products onto the skin or body cavities via ducts | Exocrine glands
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| Tissue that is primarily composed of nonliving extracellular matrix with some cells among it | Connective tissue
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| 4 main classes of connective tissue | proper, cartilage, bone and blood
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| Connective tissue not as strong as bone but more flexible, lacks nerves and blood vessels | Cartilage
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| Cartilage that covers the ends of long bones also known as articular cartilage and during childhood forms the epiphyseal plate | Hyaline
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| Cartilage that forms the epiglottis and external ear | Elastic
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| Cartilage that resists heavy pressure and forms the intervertebral discs of the spine and the meniscus of the knee | Fibrocartilage
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| Bone that has much less structure with irregular walls | spongy
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| Well supplied with blood vessels synthesizes red blood cells exists as spongy or compact Osseous tissue that supports and protects body structures | bones
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| Bone that has very organized structure based on units called osteons | compact
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| Nervous tissue cells that conduct impulses and control target sites | neurons
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| Nervous tissue cells that support the neurons | supporting cells
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| 3 types of muscle tissue | skeletal, cardiac, smooth
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| The ____________ of cardiac muscles are uninucleate striated and have junctions between them called intercalated discs | cells
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| Exists in the walls of hollow organs to adjust the lumen diameter and in some organs to propel substances | smooth muscle cells
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| Also called muscle fibers because of their significant length are multinucleated and have a striated appearance because of the pattern the contractile proteins forms | skeletal muscle cells
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| The __________ of compact bone have a sophisticated structure | osteons
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| Layers of calcified matrix | lamellae
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| Central canal that contains blood vessels | Haversian canal
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| In order to distribute blood __________ canals of the osteons are connected to it neighboring osteons with _________ canals. | central, transverse
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| Spongy bone replaced in ______ to ______ yrs | 3, 4
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| Compact bone replaced every _______ years | 10
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| Provides hair with nutrients | dermal papilla
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| Modified epidermal cells forming a tube | hair follicles
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| Where the hair cells divide | hair matrix
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| Smooth muscles which are attached to a hair follicle at one end and the dermis at the other end contract to produce goose bumps | piloerector muscles
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| Determines in hair the degree of straightness or curliness | cross sectional shape
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| Color of hair determined from | different proportions of different pigments
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| Excessive hairiness caused by hormonal imbalances | hirsutism
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| Forms at the end of the hairs life cycle and can be seen when the hair is pulled out | club
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| White crescent at the proximal end of the nail which results from the thickness obscuring the underlying blood vessels | lunule
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| Base of each nail | nail matrix
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| Contains hard keratin as opposed to the soft keratin of the epidermis | nails
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| Most of the hair in females and children but some of the hair in males | Vellus hair
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| Coarser longer and considered "normal hair" | terminal hair
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| Fine unpigmented hair mostly gone by birth | lanugo
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| Made up of dead cells which contains hard keratin | hair
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| Contains the information for making proteins | DNA
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| In addition to contributing to cellular structure perform the functions to maintain life have a very limited life span and therefore need to be constantly replenished | proteins
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| Occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosomes | protein synthesis
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| Information on the DNA molecule for making a specific protein is put into a temporary molecule called | messenger RNA
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| Mobile leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome where a protein is made from its formation | mRNA
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| Normal purposes of cell division include | developmental growth, cell replacements, and tissue repair
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| Cell division that consists of the increase of cells during fetal growth childhood and adolescence | developmental growth
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| Cell division that consists of cells that replace other cells that naturally turnover | cell replacement
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| Cell division that occurs when damage has been done and cells need to be replaced | tissue repair
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| Ability of cells to replicate | mitosis
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| The 1st phase after the cells formation and can be subdivided` | Interphase
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| The duplicated DNA condenses into chromosomes from chromatin, consists fo sister chromatids connected by a centromere, centrioles migrate to opposite ends of the cell | Prophase
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| Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, sister chromatids are attached to the centrioles by spindle fibers | Metaphase
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| Mitosis has 4 phases | Interphase, prophase, anaphase, telophase
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| Occurs after interphase, process for distributing DNA to opposite ends of the cell, prepares the cell for dividing down the middle in order to outfit each new cell with DNA | Mitosis
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| The sister chromatids of each chromosome separate from each other are pulled to the opposite ends by spindle fibers | Anaphase
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